Geology 155Geology 155OceanographyOceanography

What is Oceanography?What is Oceanography?

OceanographyOceanographySubdisciplinesSubdisciplines

• GeologicalGeological

• PhysicalPhysical

• ChemicalChemical

• BiologicalBiological

How Do the Oceans Impact How Do the Oceans Impact Us?Us?

• Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina

• Indonesia TsunamiIndonesia Tsunami

Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina

Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina

2004 Indonesia Tsunami2004 Indonesia Tsunami

http://asiantsunamisvideos/tsunamiphuket.wmv

Indonesia TsunamiIndonesia Tsunami

Gaining Knowledge of the Gaining Knowledge of the OceansOceans

• Early VoyagesEarly Voyages

• Science for VoyagingScience for Voyaging

• Age of DiscoveryAge of Discovery

• Voyaging for ScienceVoyaging for Science

Early VoyagesEarly Voyages• Early navigation done by Early navigation done by

keeping constant view of keeping constant view of landland

– Mythology was used to Mythology was used to explain natural phenomenaexplain natural phenomena

• Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great– First marine science library First marine science library (3(3rdrd century BC) century BC)

• Not much knowledgeNot much knowledge– Thought land was flatThought land was flat

– Mostly land and not much Mostly land and not much waterwater

– EratostheneseEratosthenese (230 BC)(230 BC) Realized Earth was sphericalRealized Earth was spherical Looked at different angle of sun’s raysLooked at different angle of sun’s rays

– Hipparchus Hipparchus (127 BC)(127 BC) Invented latitude and longitudeInvented latitude and longitude

– Celestial navigation Celestial navigation (astronomy, mathematics)(astronomy, mathematics)

Science for VoyagingScience for Voyaging

• Polynesian Polynesian ColonizationColonization

• VikingsVikings

• ChineseChinese

The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery• Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator

• Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan• Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Voyaging for ScienceVoyaging for Science• James CookJames Cook

• Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

– Establish British presenceEstablish British presence

– Correctly determined how atolls and Correctly determined how atolls and coral reefs form by volcanic activitycoral reefs form by volcanic activity

HMS EndeavorHMS Endeavor

– Charted New Zealand, Australia, Hawaiian Charted New Zealand, Australia, Hawaiian IslandsIslands– Highly accurate charts used as late as WWIIHighly accurate charts used as late as WWII

Challenger ExpeditionChallenger ExpeditionModern ExplorationModern Exploration

– Life was possible below 549 m (1800 ft)Life was possible below 549 m (1800 ft)– Discovered 4,717 new speciesDiscovered 4,717 new species– Collected ocean water informationCollected ocean water information

• Temperature, salinity, and water densityTemperature, salinity, and water density• Ocean current and sediment distributionOcean current and sediment distribution

• First Pure Scientific ExpeditionFirst Pure Scientific Expedition

2121stst Century Technology Century TechnologyUnderwaterUnderwater

• SonarSonar• SubmersiblesSubmersibles

SatelliteSatellite• MODISMODIS• QuikSCATQuikSCAT• TRMMTRMM

Ocean FactsOcean Facts• About 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by waterAbout 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by water• Average depth of the Pacific Ocean = 4,638 mAverage depth of the Pacific Ocean = 4,638 m• Average depth of the Atlantic Ocean = 3,872 mAverage depth of the Atlantic Ocean = 3,872 m

• Average temperature = 3.9Average temperature = 3.9°C (39.0°F)°C (39.0°F)• Age of oceans = 4 billion yearsAge of oceans = 4 billion years

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

• Continuous cycle of how water moves through different reservoirs, or from ocean to air, onto land, to lakes and streams and groundwater back to the sky and ocean.

Hypsographic CurveHypsographic Curve

• Shows Shows distribution of distribution of elevations and elevations and depths on Earthdepths on Earth

( Know how to read graph)