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Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
16th Edition
Chapter 14
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Key Concepts
Major geologic processes
Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Finding and extracting mineral resources
Non-renewable mineral resources
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Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth
Fig. 4-7 p. 60
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Earth Structure animation
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Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle
Fig. 16-2 p. 333
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Plate Tectonics
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Subduction zone
Transform fault
Refer to Fig. 16-3 p. 334 Fig. 16-5 p. 336
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Tectonic plate
Collision between two continents
Oceanic tectonicplate
Spreading center Oceanic tectonic
plateOcean trench
Plate movement Plate movement
Continentalcrust
Subductionzone
Oceaniccrust
Oceaniccrust
Continentalcrust
Mantle
Innercore
Hot outercore
Two plates movetowards each other.One is subductedback into the mantleon falling convectioncurrent.
Mantleconvectioncell
Hot materialrisingthroughthe mantle
Material coolsas it reachesthe outer mantle
Cold densematerial fallsback throughmantle
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Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
Fig. 16-4, p. 335
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Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary
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Lithosphere
Trench Volcanic island arc
Asthenosphere
Risingmagma
Subductionzone
Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergentplate boundary
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Fracture zone
Transformfault
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries
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External Earth Processes
Erosion
Mechanical weathering
Frost wedging
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering
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Natural Hazards: Earthquakes
Features
Magnitude
Aftershocks
Primary effects
Secondary effectsFig. 16-6 p. 337
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Expected Earthquake Damage
Fig. 16-7 p. 337
Canada
United States
No damage expectedMinimal damageModerate damageSevere damage
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Measuring earthquakes: Earthquake waves
How earthquakes happen: Earthquake cause
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Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions
Fig. 16-8 p. 338
extinctvolcanoes
magmareservoir
centralvent
magmaconduit
Solidlithosphere
Upwellingmagma
Partially moltenasthenosphere
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White clam
Magma
Black smoker
Sulfidedeposit
White crab
Tube worms
Whitesmoker
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Minerals and Rocks
Mineral (diamond, quartz)
Rock Types
Igneous (granite, basalt)
Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)
Metamorphic (marble, slate)
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Fig. 16-9 p. 339
Igneous RockGranite, Pumice,
Basalt
Sedimentary RockShale, Sandstone,
Limestone
Metamorphic RockSlate, Quartzite,
Marble
Magma(Molten Rock)
Weathering
Erosion
Transport Deposition
Heat,Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Rock Cycle
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Igneous RockGranite,pumice,basalt
Metamorphic RockSlate, marble,quartzite
Magma(molten rock)
Heat, pressure, stress
Heat, pressure
Melting
Sedimentary RockShale, sandstone,
limestone
Deposition
Transportation
Erosion
Weathering
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Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Metallic
Non-metallic
Energy resources
Ores
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Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories
Identified
Undiscovered
Reserves
OtherFig. 16-10 p. 340
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Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Satellite and air imagery
MagnetometersGravity differences
Radiation detectors
Seismic surveysChemical analyses
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Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12Open-pit (surface mining)
Area strip (surface mining)Contour strip (surface mining)
Dredging (surface mining)
Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)Longwall (subsurface mining)
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Open Pit Mine
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Dredging
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Contour Strip Mining
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Area Strip Mining
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Underground Coal Mine
Ventilation shaft
Shaft
Mainshaft
Lift cage
Pumps
Coalseams
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Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Established 1977
Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions
Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites
Limited success
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Extra credit assignment: Read, summarize and comment on: Mining companies make fortunes off of public land
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Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral ResourcesDisruption of land surfaceSubsidenceErosion of solid mining wasteAcid mine drainageAir pollutionStorage and leakage of liquid mining
waste
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Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Fig. 16-14 p. 344
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More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Surface mining Subsurface mining
Overburden SpoilOpen-pitDredgingStrip mining
Room and pillarLongwall
Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342
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Processing Mineral Resources
Ore mineral
Gangue
Tailings
Smelting Refer to Fig. 16-15 p. 344
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Supplies of Mineral Resources
Economic depletion Depletion time Foreign sources
Economics
Environmental concerns
Mining the ocean Finding substitutes Fig. 16-16 p. 346
New technologies
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Surface mining
Metal ore
Separationof ore fromgangue
Scattered in environment
Recycling
Discarding of product
Conversion to product
Melting metal
Smelting