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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
ECG 503
LECTURE NOTE 11
TOPIC : 4.0 GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES
MARCH 2009
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this lecture/week the students would be able to:
Understand natural slope and made engineered soil slope assessment which include rainfall induced failure and role of suction.
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TOPIC TO BE COVERED
Objective and Principles of Ground Improvements
Types of Ground Improvements With Respect of Cohesionless and Cohesive Soil
Mechanical Methods and Objective; Stone Column, Dynamic Compaction, Vibrofloatation and Vibro Compaction.
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for compacting very small areas
Vibrating Plates
effective for granular soils
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Smooth-wheeled Roller
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Compacts effectively only to 200-300 mm; therefore, place the soil in shallow layers (lifts)
Smooth Wheeled Roller
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Sheepsfoot Roller to Compact Clay Soils
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Provides kneading action; “walks out” after compaction
Sheepsfoot Roller
Very effective on clays
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Impact Roller to Compact the Ground
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Provides deeper (2-3m) compaction. e.g., air field
Impact Roller
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Dynamic Compaction- pounding the ground by a heavy weight
Suitable for granular soils, land fills and karst terrain with sink holes.
Crater created by the impact
Pounder (Tamper)solution cavities in limestone
(to be backfilled)
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Pounder (Tamper)Mass = 5-30 tonneDrop = 10-30 m
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Vibroflotation
Vibroflot (vibrating unit)Length = 2 – 3 mDiameter = 0.3 – 0.5 mMass = 2 tonnes
Practiced in several forms:
vibro–compaction
stone columns
vibro-replacement
Suitable for granular soils
(lowered into the ground and vibrated)
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Vibroflotation
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Vibroflotation
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Stone Columns
vibrator makes a hole in the weak ground
hole backfilled ..and compacted Densely compacted stone column
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Blasting
Aftermath of blastingFireworks?
For densifying granular soils
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Earthmoving Equipment
Large Excavator (see minivan on left for scale)
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Grader for spreading soil
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Bulldozer for spreading soil evenly
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Loader
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Backhoe
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Crawler mounted Hydraulic Excavator
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Rock Breaker
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Filed Compaction
• Pneumatic rubber tired roller
Different types of rollers (clockwise from right):
Vibratory roller
Smooth-wheel roller
Sheepsfoot roller
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Big weights dropped from 25 m, compacting the ground.
Craters formed in compaction
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GEOTEXTILES