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MEDICAL SURGICAL 3
GERONTOLOGIC NURSING
PREPARED BY:
CAROLINE V. SAN DIEGO
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TERMINOLOGIESGERONTOLOGY
OLD
GERIATRICS
SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY
GEROPSYCHOLOGY
GEROPHARMACOLOGY
FINANCIAL GERONTOLOGY
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TERMINOLOGIES
GERONTOLOGICAL
REHABILITATION NURSING
GERONTOLOCICAL NURSING
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ROLES OF G. NURSE
1. PROVIDER OF CARE (ROLE OF
CAREGIVER)
2. TEACHER
3. MANAGER
4. ADVOCATE
5. RESEARCH CONSUMER
TERMINOLOGIES
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THEORIES OF AGINGI. Biologic Theories
Stochastic
Non-stochastic
II. Sociologic Theories
III.Psychologic Theories
IV.Moral/Spiritual Theories
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BIOLOGIC THEORIES
concerned with answering basic
questions regarding the physiologic
processes that occur in all living
organisms as they chronologically age
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Biologic Theories
View aging as occurring from molecular,
cellular or even to a systems point of view
The decreasing function of an organism
may lead to a complete failure of an
either an organ or an entire system.
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Biologic Theories All organs in any one organism do not
age at the same rate and any single
organ, does not necessarily age at the
same rate in different individuals of the
same species.
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FOCI OF BIOLOGIC
THEORIESa. Deleterious effects leading to decreasing
function of the organism
b. Gradually occurring age-related
changes that are progressive overtime
c. Intrinsic changes that can affect all
members of a species because of
chronologic age
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STOCHASTIC THEORIES Explains aging as events that occur
randomly and accumulate overtime.
Subdivisions:
1. Error theory
2. Free Radical theory
3. Wear and Tear theory
4. Cross-linkage theory
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1. Error theory
Based on the idea that errors can occur in
the transcription in any step in the protein
synthesis of DNA and this eventually leadsto aging or the actual death of a cell
therefore systems will no longer function at
the optimum level.
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2. Free Radical Theory
Byproducts of metabolism
When these byproducts accumulate (as a
result of environmental pollutant) theydamage the cell membrane which decreases
its efficiency
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3. Wear and Tear Theory
Organs and tissues have a preprogrammed
amount of available energy and wear out the
allotted energy is expended which eventuallylead to the death of the entire organism
Death occurs because a worn out tissue
cannot forever renew itself
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4. Cross-linkage Theory
With age, some proteins become increasingly
cross-linked or enmeshed and may impede
metabolic processes by obstructing the
passage of nutrients and wastes between theintracellular and extracellular
compartments
As person ages and the immune system
becomes less efficient, the bodys defensemechanism cannot remove the cross-linking
agent before it become securely established
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NONSTOCHASTIC
THEORIES View aging as predetermined, timed
phenomena
Subdivisions:
1. Programmed theory
2. Gene / Biological clock theory
3. Neuroendocrine theory
4. Immunological theory
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1. Programmed Theory
As people age ,cells start to decide to
commit suicide or stop dividing
Hayflick limit theory-fibroblastreplicate senescence
Normal cells divide a limited number of
times
Cumulative effect of improper
functioning of cells and eventual loss of
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Cont. cells in organs and tissues are responsible
for the aging phenomenon
II.Gene / Biological Clock Theory
- Explains that each cell or the entire
organism has genetically programmed
aging code that is stored in the organisms
DNA.
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III. Neuroandocrine theory
- Theory describe a change in hormonesecretion, releasing hormones of the
hypothalamus and the stimulating hormones of
pituitary gland.
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2. Immunity Theory
As the person ages, the immune system
functions less effectively and this
predisposes the individual more
vulnerable to the disease
Immunosenscence= age-related
decrease in immune system function
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EMERGING THEORIES OF
AGING NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL
METABOLIC THEORY
DNA RELATED RESEARCH
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Neuroendocrine Control or
Pacemaker Theory The neuro-endocrine system controls
many essential activities with regard to
growth and development
Scientists are studying the roles that the
hypothalamus and the hormones DHEA
and Melatonin play in the aging process
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Metabolic theory of aging /
Caloric Restriction All organisms have a finite metabolic
lifetime and the organisms with a higher
metabolic rate have a shorter lifespan
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SOCIOLOGIC THEORIES Focused on the roles and relationships
within which individuals engage in later
life
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Subdivisions: Disengagement Theory
Developmental Task Theory
Continuity Theory
Age Stratification Theory
Person-Environment Fit Theory
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Disengagement Theory Older adults preferred to withdraw from
society and to voluntarily decrease their
interactions with others and the society
supports this withdrawal
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Activity/Developmental Task
Theory Activity is necessary to maintain a
persons life satisfaction and positive self-
concept
3 assumptions
It is better to be active than inactive
It is better to be happy than unhappy
An older individual is the best judge of
his/her own success in achieving the first 2
assumptions
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Continuity Theory
Therefore: as people age, they try to
maintain or continue previous habits,
preferences, commitments, values, beliefs
and all of the factors that have
contributed to their personalities
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Age Stratification Theory
Views the aging person as an individual
element of society and also as a member ,
with peers interacting in a social process
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Person-Environment Fit Theory
Each individual has personal
competencies that assist the person in
dealing with the environment. These
competencies (ego strength, motor skills,
individual biologic health, cognitive and
sensory perceptual capacities) may
change with aging, thus affecting olderpersons ability to interrelate with the
environment
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PSYCHOLOGIC THEORIES Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs
Jungs Theory of Individualism
Ericksons Theory
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Maslows Hierarchy of Human
Needs
Human motivation is viewed as a
hierarchy of needs that are critical to the
growth and development of all people.
Individuals are viewed as active
participants in life, striving for self-
actualization
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Jungs Theory of Individualism
Development is viewed as occurring
throughout adulthood, with self-
actualization as the goal of personalitydevelopment.
As an individual ages, he or she is
capable of transforming into a morespiritual being
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Ericksons Eight Stages of Life
All people experience 8 psychosocial
stages of a lifetime
Each stage represents a crisis, where the
goal is to integrate physical prepares
maturation and psychosocial demands
At each stage, the person has the
opportunity to resolve the crisis
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Ericksons Eight Stages of Life
Successful mastery prepares an
individual for continued development
Individuals always have within
themselves an opportunity to rework a
previous psychosocial stage into a more
successful outcome
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Peeks Expansion of Ericksons
Theory 7 Development Tasks are identified as
occurring during Ericksons final two
stages
The final three of these developmental
tasks identified for old ages:
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The Final Three Of These
Developmental Tasks Identified
For Old Ages:
Ego differentiation vs work
preoccupation
Body transcendence vs body
preoccupation
Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation
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Ego Transcendence Vs Ego
Preoccupation Involves acceptance of the individuals
eventual death without dwelling on the
prospect of it
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Selective Optimization with
Compensation Physical capacity diminishes with age. An
individual who ages successfully
compensates for these deficits throughselection, optimization and compensation
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MORAL/SPIRITUAL
THEORIES Examine how an individual seeks to
explain and validate his/her existence