Download - Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
1/16
3/5/20
Cultural Diversities, Boundariesand the Politics of Recognition
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Christian
Giordano
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Primordialist approaches
Biological Primordialism
Cultural Primordialism
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Constructivist approaches
Instrumentalist approach
Interactionist approach: Thequestion of boundaries
Processual approach:Historical development
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
2/16
3/5/20
Ethnos and Ethnicity
Cultural diversities, Boundaries
The concept of Nation:
A) political community (State
community)
B) not an organic but an
imagined community (B.
Anderson
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
The controversy about the origin
of Nations:
Primordialists (A. Smith) versus
Modernists (E. Gellner, E.J.
Hobsbawm, B. Anderson)
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
3/16
3/5/20
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
common origin,
common culture (language,
religion, customs, traditions etc.)
and often but not always
common territory
Cultural diversities, Boundaries
Two models of modern nation:
A) the German Model: The
cultural and ethnic Nation
B) The French Model: The Civic
Nation
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
The Basic principle in both
models
one nation, one State, one
territory, one culture
The ideal of a homogeneous
culture and a mono-ethnic
territory
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
4/16
3/5/20
Cultural Diversity, Boundaries
Strategies of homogenization:
Forced cultural assimilation(Politics in Eastern Europe)
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Deportation or expulsion (Soviet
Union, Spain, Portugal, France)
Ethnic cleansing (Former
Yugoslavia: Kosovo)
Ethnic wars (Former
Yugoslavia: Croatia)
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Exchange of populations(diplomatic solution:international treaties, StrategiesofunmixingR. Brubaker)
Organized immigration (SovietUnion)
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
5/16
3/5/20
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Genocide (Former Yugoslavia:
Bosnia, Turkey)
Holocaust (Nazi Germany)
All policies to reduce cultural
diversities in National States
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Ethno-cultural Homogenizationprocesses in Europe: Historicaloverview:
150 years of Homogenization:The reduction of multicultural
regions (examples)
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
The Role of ethnocracies in
National States: Ethnic elites
(even in Democratic systems)
The legal Basis: the different
status between entitled nation
and minorities
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
6/16
3/5/20
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Definition of citizenship
Included and excluded
The Relevance of Citizenshipfor keeping homogeneous theNation, the State and theterritory
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
The Principle of Origin in theGerman Model (jus sanguinis)
The Principle of Acculturationand Assimilation in the FrenchModel (jus soli)
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Two types of citizenship
excluding cultural diversity
The Dilemma for the recognition
of ethno-cultural Minorities
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
7/16
3/5/20
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Erasing cultural diversities, erasing
minorities: The case of Riga
Territorializing cultural Diversities: The
case of Fribourg
Cultural diversities, boundaries
Disputed Memories, Contested Histories:
Symbolic Wars
Cluj
Riga
Sandanski
Angkor Wat
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Multiculturality and
Multiculturalism
Multiculturality: a descriptive
concept
Multiculturality as cultural
diversity
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
8/16
3/5/20
Cultural Diversities, Boundaries
Multiculturalism: the Politics of
Recognition of Cultural Diversity
(Ch. Taylor)
There is no general theory of
multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
The role of different historical
backgrounds and socio-
structural conditions (East-West
European differences)
Multiculturalism
A) old (in the West) and late
nations (in the East)
B) The relevance of the
Pluricultural Empires (in the
East)
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
9/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
C) immigration (in the West)
since 1950 and historical
minorities (in the East)
D) The Role of Communism (in
the East)
Multiculturalism
Two types of societies:
Immigration societies andminority societies
Two types of States:
Polyethnic and Multination
States (W. Kymlicka)
Multiculturalism
Today a mixing ot the two types
has emerged in Western part of
Europe
Two different politics of
Recognition? (W. Kymlicka)
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
10/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
Recognition of special rights for
minorities
Integration policies for
immigrants
Multiculturalism
The actual bad reputation of
mutliculturalism in (Western)
Europe: Immigration societies,
polyethnic States
The Fears of ethnic divided
societies: Parallel societies
Multiculturalism
The fears of cultural relativism
The threat of national identity,
unity and cohesion (example of
France)
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
11/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
Ingenuous concepts of
Multiculturalism:
MultiKulti in Germany:
spontaneous Multiculturalism
Politics of laissez faire in UK
Idealization of diversities in Italy
Multiculturalism
The illusion of a natural and
harmonious coexistence between
ethno-cultural communities.
The case of Frankfurt and its
failure
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is always
connected with intercultural
tensions, contestations and
conflict
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
12/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
Therefore multiculturality
(ethno-cultural diversity) has to
be politically managed through
permanent negotiations
The culture of debate and
compromise
Multiculturalism
The culture of consociationalism
(consociational democracy,
Arend Lijphard)
To take decisions together
Multiculturalism
One thorny question connected
with tensions:
Individual and/or collective
rights
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
13/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
Europe citizenships and legal
systems are based on merely
individual rights:
Three types of recognized
individual rights (T. Marshall)
Multiculturalism
A) Civic rights (fundamental
rights, human rights)
The Role of French Revolution
B) Political rights (the right to
vote and to be elected)
Multiculturalism
The Role of class conflicts and
feminism (end of 19th century
and 20th century)
C) Social rights (pensions, social
security, health insurance,
unemployment insurance etc.)
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
14/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
The role of social policies mainly
during the second part of 20th
century
Multiculturalism
In the last 20 years it arises the
question of the recognition of
cultural rights
Cultural rights = Collective
rights
Specific rights for specific ethno-
cultural communities
Multiculturalism
Examples:
The exemption of helmet for the
Sikh
The headscarf in the schools (loi
sur la laicit: law on secularism
in France)
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
15/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
Equality, uniformity, diversity
(Bhikhu Parekh)
How far it is possible to go in the
recognition of cultural diversity:
What to do with the cases of
honor crimes?
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism or integration ?
At the moment is in integration
What means integration?
Social integration? Cultural
intgeration (assimilation)?
Multiculturalism
Normative integration
(Habermas: constitutional
patriotism?)
The issue of Transnationalism:
Between two socio-cultural
reference systems
-
7/28/2019 Giordano Ch. - Multiculturalism EPFL Eng
16/16
3/5/20
Multiculturalism
Malaysia: a very special case of
multiculturalism
The colonial past: What is a plural
society
The colonial heritage and the social
contract on the basis of ethnic lines after
independence
Multiculturalism
Images of Penang as multicultural setting