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GIS: Geographic Information Systems
Module 09: Cartography and map composition
Matthew L. Sisk Center for Digital Scholarship
Hesburgh Library, University of Notre Dame
library.nd.edu/cds/
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Cartography: The study and practice of making maps.
Combines science and aesthetics to model reality and effectively communicate spatial information.
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Necessary components of a good map • Scale
– Verbal • One inch equals 20 miles • Inaccurate if map is resized
– Representative Fraction: • 1:24,000: one unit on the map
equals 24,000 units in the real world
– Graphic or Bar Scale: • Like representative fraction
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Necessary components of a good map • Legend
– Explains the symbols used on the map
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Magnetic North True North Both Some ArcGIS North Arrows
Necessary components of a good map
• North Arrow – Orients the map – North is customarily the top of the map – Form has some conventions – Not strongly enforced
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Graticules
Measured Grid (UTM)
Reference Grid
3 Types of Coordinates
• Reference Grid – Divided into zones
• Graticule – Divided based on Lat / Long
• Measured Grid – Divided based on a projected grid
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Detail of important area
The Middle Vézère
Broader location
Map insets
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Relationship between landscape characters for Paleolithic sites in France
Tables and charts
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Mean slope for each time period in the Paleolithic of France
Tables and charts
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Adapt the map to your audience
• General – Everything should be annotated
• Legends, scale, north arrow • Publications / Reports
– Grayscale is usually better than color – Everything should be annotated
• Legends, scale, north arrow • Presentations
– Keep it simple. Clutter makes it difficult – Choose high-contrast colors – Black backgrounds work well
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Choosing symbols
• Avoid clutter – Use as few layers as possible to make your point – Use size, color, shape to distinguish important elements – Polygons especially need to have clear boundaries – Try to match colors and symbols to the items being
represented • Water should be blue • Though it you are distinguishing between visually similar things (e.g.
crows and ravens) use more abstract symbols
• Use standard color ramps – Elevation, slope, aspect, etc.