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GLACIATIONBob Carson
June 2007
Spitsbergen photo by Ben Schupack
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SNOW
GRAUPEL
American Scientist
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SNOWFIELDSARE NOT GLACIERS
MOUNT ST. HELENS 17 MAY 2007
Photo by Jonathan Loeffler
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GLACIERS
MOUNT OLYMPUS
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MOUNT HAYES, ALASKA RANGE, AUSTIN POST
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GLACIER VELOCITY
STAGNANT: TOO THIN OR SURFACE SLOPE TOO GENTLE
POLAR (COLD-BASED): FLOW ONLY (FROZEN TO BED)
TEMPERATE (WARM-BASED): FLOW AND SLIP
SURGING: MELTWATER REDUCES FRICTION
GLACIER BAY
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STAGNANT GLACIER
MOUNT EVEREST
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POLAR GLACIER
Antarctica photo by Clare Carson
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TEMPERATE GLACIER
MOUNT OLYMPUS
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THE SOLE OF A GLACIER
SOUTH SAWYER GLACIER, AUSTIN POST
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SURGING GLACIER
ST. ELIAS MOUNTAINS
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PETERS GLACIER PHOTO BY PAUL SHEARER
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30-60% of Svalbard glaciers surge
Fridtjofbreen, Bellsund, Spitsbergen Photo M. J. Hambrey
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GLACIER MASS BALANCE
• ACCUMULATION > ABLATION: MARGIN ADVANCES
• ACCUMULATION = ABLATION: EQUILIBRIUM (MORAINE BUILDING)
• ACCUMULATION < ABLATION: MARGIN RETREATS (GLACIER DOES NOT DEFY GRAVITY)
SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, 1957,
AUSTIN POST
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THE EARTH’S NEWEST GLACIER IS
ADVANCING
MOUNT ST. HELENS, 17 MAY 2007
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GLACIER IN EQUIBRIUM in mid 1800s
Athabasca Glacier by Ward’s
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MOST OF THE EARTH’S GLACIERS ARE RETREATING
TIERRA DEL FUEGO
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GLACIER SIZE AND SHAPE
Spitsbergen photo by Ben Schupack
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CIRQUE GLACIERS AND CIRQUES
TETON RANGE
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CIRQUES
HANGAY MOUNTAINS
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TARNS
Katahdin photo by Tim Wood
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VALLEY GLACIERS AND GLACIAL TROUGHS
ALTAI MOUNTAINS
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GLACIAL TROUGHS
ALTAI MOUNTAINS STEENS MOUNTAIN
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GLACIAL TROUGH LAKES
Sierra Nevada photo by Steve BrownWATERTON LAKE
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FJORDS
Baffin Island photo by Taylor Johnson
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FJORDS
www.kingsleighinn.com/images/SomesSound
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WHY ARE FJORDS SO DEEP?
• SEA LEVEL FLUCTUATION = 120 m
• DENSITY ice = 90% DENSITY water
TRACY ARM, AUSTIN POST
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folk.uio.no
www.caingram.info
SOGNE FJORD 1308m
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www.rosssea.info Skelton Glacier
SKELTON INLET 1933m
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MOUNTAIN ICE CAPS
http://www3.eou.edu/geology/wallowalake
Glacier
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MOUNTAIN ICE SHEETS
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MOUNTAIN ICE
SHEETS
geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/.../images
WATERVILLE PLATEAU
LAKE CHELAN
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CONTINENTAL ICE SHEETS
www.crystalinks.com/antarctica_satellite
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CONTINENTAL ICE SHEETS
Greenland photo by George Linkletter
Greenland photo by Art Rempel
Greenland photo by George Linkletter
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LARSON ICE SHELFCOLLAPSED IN 1995
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001400/a001400/
1992 1997
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SEA ICE (NOT A GLACIER)
Antarctica photo by Seth White
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SEA ICE
Scott Polar Research Institute
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ICEBERGS (NOT GLACIERS)
GREENLAND
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ICEBERGS
Antarctica photo by Clare Carson
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PROCESSES• ICE: ABRASION, PLUCKING,
DEPOSITION
• MELTWATER: CORRASION, ABRASION, DEPOSITION
• MASS WASTING
MOUNT EVEREST
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OTHER EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS
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POLISH
VANCOUVER ISLAND
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STRIATIONS
LAKE CHELAN
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GROOVES
VANCOUVER ISLAND
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ROCHES MOUTONEES
BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS
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ARETES
WALLOWA MOUNTAINS
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HORNS
ABSAROKA MOUNTAINS
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COLS
TETON RANGE
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HANGING VALLEYS & TRUNCATED SPURS
BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS
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GLACIER DEPOSITION
FRANZ JOSEF GLACIER
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TILL
PUGET LOWLAND
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MORAINES
MOUNT EVEREST
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TERMINAL MORAINES
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LATERAL MORAINES
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MEDIAL MORAINES
Denali photo by George Stephens
ALTAI MOUNTAINS
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ICE STAGNATION LANDFORMS
RONGBUK GLACIER
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KETTLES
MOUNT RAINIER
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ESKERS
WATERVILLE PLATEAU
FRANZ JOSEF GLACIER
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KAMESMENDENHALL GLACIER
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MELTWATER
EMMONS GLACIER
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OUTWASH
PUGET LOWLAND
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OUTWASH PLAIN
EMMONS GLACIER
PAYETTE LAKE
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GLACIER EXTENT 18-20,000 YEARS AGO
images.encarta.msn.com
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NORTHWEST EUROPE GLACIATION 18-20,000 YEARS AGO
SVENDSEN ET AL. 2004
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GLACIER EXTENT TODAY
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THANK YOU!BEN SHUPACK
WHITMAN ’07 ON SPITSBERGEN