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Global Focus on Knowledge Lecture Series
Information Changes the World
Why Information Technology Now?
Hiroshi HarashimaThe figures, photos and moving images with ‡ marks attached belong to their copyright holders. Reusing or reproducing them is prohibited unless permission isobtained directly from such copyright holders.
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InformationFoundation
Information Society Information Machinery
Word
ComputerPrinting
Networks
Multimedia
Personal Computers
Communication
Internet
DatabasesSimulations
Virtual RealitySearch Engines Mobile
Ubiquitous
Artificial
Inteligence
Life
Brain
Cyborgs
Community
Medical Systems
Net Society
Information Explosione‐administration
Electric Money
Information Economics
Globalization
Environment
Industry
Robots
Body Expression
Physicality
Contents
Media Art Entertainment
Movies Music
New Art
“Otaku”
Culture
Museums
Intellectual
Property
Journalism
Pictures
Cognition
Information Changes the World-the Global View-
Ikuo
Takeuchi“Information and Art Interfaces”Information
Culture
s
Osamu Sudo“Information Explosion and
Creation of a New Network
Society”
Tomomasa
Sato“Robots, Information Art and
Life”
InformationKnowledge
Hiroshi Harashima“Why Information Technology Now?”
Hiroshi Komiyama“The University and Information”
-Information Changes Learning-
PaperTelecommunication
Information Gap
Security
Public Media
Information
Distribution
Scientific Calculation
Anime and
Games
Drama
Public Art
Education
Manga
Films
WEB2.0
Intelligent Robots
Androids
Digital Human
Mass Media
Environmental Robots
Neural Networks
Industrial production
Ultimate Frontier Robots
Life‐supporting Robots
Cell Production‐supporting RobotsIndustrial Robots
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Basic Theme
Now, information technology is in a drastic developmental phase.
Let us view this over 10 years, 100 years and
1000 years.
Why is this?
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BC3500 Cuneiform script(Mesopotamia, Sumer)
Invention of Letters
1447 GutenbergLetterpress printing
machine
Invention of Typography
1946
ENIACInvention of Computer
Invention of Paper BC2 Han Dynasty
Development of Information Technologies
Discovery of Words Prehistoric Time
Information Age
‡
‡
‡
wikipedia
http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/
Source: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F:Eniac.jpg wikipedia
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October 18th
60th Birthday of the Computer(Reviewing the history of information in 10-year increments.)
October 25th
What Is Going on with Information Technology?(Consider the present age in the context of 100 years.)
Guest:Masaru Kitsuregawa Institute of Industrial Science
November 1st
How Would a Historian Locate Information Technology?(Look toward the future – the next 1000 years.)
Agenda
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Astro Boy (created by Osamu Tezuka – appeared in the magazine “Shonen” in 1952)
1974
ultra-micro computer (atomic power )1978
the first electric brain
1982
Humanoid robot equipped with a brain 1987
artificial skin
Apr. 7th, 2003 Astro Boy is born.
1972 Intel 80081974 Intel 8080
Now, it is March 2008.What took him so long?
My Private Awareness
Apr. 7th , 2003 Astro Boy was born.
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In the 1980s, Japan outpaced the U.S. in field of computers.
The result is that Japan lags far behind the U.S. now.
My Private Awareness(2)
The 5th Age Computer Project(10 years later)
Why is this?
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Let us see how information technology has developed in the last 10 years.
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Let me introduce myself here.
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Hiroshi Harashima
Born in Tokyo on Sept. 12th, 1945
Professor, Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies
(Department of Information and Communication Engineering)
An expert in communication engineeringand also a researcher in facial studies.Interested in the fusion of art and science.
Almost the same age as the computer.
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The Computer had its 60th birthday last year.
J.V.Atanasoff (1937-1941), Harvard MarkⅠ(1939-1944)
Born in 1946 ENIAC
(the University of Pennsylvania)
wikipedia‡
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Reaching adulthood in the mid-1960s, thecomputer was in its 20’s.
Teenage Computers (1946-1965)Growing pains:a period of trial and error in various forms…
EDSAC(1949), EDVAC(1950),・・・
PC-2
TAC
In Japan, Relay type:Yamashita(1947), Facom100(1954)Evacuated tubular:Fujic(1956), TAC(1959)・・Parametron type:PC-1(1958),Musasino1(1957)・・Trandister:Electric Lab. MarkⅣ(1959)・・
‡
Photoshttp://museum.ipsj.or.jp/computer/dawn/0021.htmlhttp://museum.ipsj.or.jp/computer/dawn/0016.html ‡
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Computer in its 20’s (1965-1975)
1977:C&C Concept(Hiroji Kobayashi, NEC)
“Informatization of Business” by a Giant Computing System (The Age of IBM)
”The Informatization of Science” by Computing Systems
1965:UT Information Technology Center was established.
People started to use the computer widely.
Computer in its 30’s (1975-1985)
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By this time(1975-1985)…Research on artificial intelligence had come to the forefront.
→
The 5th Age Computer Project
The 1st Age Evacuated Tube(1946-56)The 2nd Age Transistor(1957-64)The 3rd Age IC(1964-71)The 4th Age LSI(1971-
)
-----------The 5th Age Non-Neumann Type Analogism(10 years from 1982)
The computer began to challenge the brain!People thought Japan would outrun the U.S.
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There was a paradigm shift in computers in the mid-80s.
Now, the U.S. is leading the worldin the field of computers.
Why?
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Brain-challenging computers to
Society-challenging computers!
media-challenging computers to
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・Computers As PartnersThe personal computer became a private secretary.
・Computers As Communityinternet, e-mail …
Media-challenging computers!
・Computers As Electric Societye-money, security …
Society-challenging computers!
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1985-1995“Informatization of the Individual” by personal computer(the age of Microsoft)
1995-2005“Informatization of Society”by Internet(the age of Google, Yahoo! )
“Informatization of Science” by computing systems
“Informatization of Business” by Host Computer (the age of IBM)
1975-1985
1985-1995
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(1952
Started in the magazine “Shonen” by Osamu Tezuka)
1974
ultra-micro computer ( by atomic power )1978
the first electric brain
1982
Humanoid robot is equipped with a brain. 1987
artificial skin
Apr. 7th, 2003 Astro Boy is born.
1972 Intel 80081974 Intel 8080
My Private Awareness
From the 1980s, computers started to aim not for the brain but for society.
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In fact, this started in the 1960s.
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NLS(oN Line System)
1968
Douglas Engelbart(Stanford Research Institute)
demos an interactive computer
Mounted with multimedia basic technology
multi-window, bitmap display, mouse,e-mail, hypertext, word processing…
‡
‡
Source: http://www.bootstrap.org/chronicle/pix/pix.html
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Dynabook Concept1968
proposed by Alan Kay
The concept of an ideal personal computer
A4 size, mobile, newspaper-level resolution, audio input, mouse input,networking, wireless communication
1973 Alto(Xerox)1984 Macintosh (Apple)
‡
wikipedia
Source: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto
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The History of Internet1969
ARPANET
operation started
(Pentagon’s network)
1973
Ethernet
invented1974
TCP/IP
released
→
adopted by ARPA
1986
NSFnet
operation started (the U.S. National Science Foundation)
1990
absorbed ARPANET→
internet
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1968 NLS(D.Engelbart)Demonstrated an interactive computer
1968 Dynabook concept(Alan Kay)Concept of a personal computer
1969 ARPANET(the Pentagon)Origins of the Internet
The technology originated in the 60s.
Since it found its way into multimediain the late 1980s, the computer has become “an information environment = media” serving the individual.
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Multimedia boom began in the late1980s1986 the International CD-ROM Conference(It became possible to handle movies and audio on computer.)
Various information machineries were born then.Macintosh(84), CD-ROM(85), Nintendo(83), Super Mario Brothers(85)notebook computer(89)・・・
New concepts were born.cyber space (87),virtual reality (89), World- Wide- Web(WWW)(89)
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In the 1990s, the multimedia boom hit industries and government.
Network became the hero.Information Super Highway (91)Internet:Mosaic (93)
Mobile:
cellular phone …
IT became accessible in 2000.Broadband(ADSL, light …)
Mobile(cellular phone, wireless LAN…)Digital Broadcast(BS, digital terrestrial, one-segment)
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That sums up the history of computer’s
40’s(1985-1995) 50’s(1995-2005)
Here, let me introduce my research in my 40’s and 50’s.
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40’sA search for a realer
aspect of communication
in Communication Engineering
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Research on Well-Screening TV Telephones
(1985)
sending a favorite picture of oneself and attaching expressions to it
→ research on intelligent image coding
→ information studies of face, facial studies
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Intelligent encoding demo tape(1991)
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From intelligent encoding to intelligent communication
科学新聞
通信情報
http://www.sci-news.co.jp/ 1987.12.10 1面
‡
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What Is Intelligent Communication?
・intelligent communication・knowledge-based communication・semantic communication
・self-evolving communicationcommunication that lets users showcase their own
creativity ・communication that makes money(communication that incubates net business)
→
cost-free broadband
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The Evolution of Communication・Connection A B
↓
・Communication↓
・CollaborationTask
↓
・Community↓
・City (Commerce,Company,Consumer・・・・)
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Media Becomes Environment
E=mC2
m:multi-mediaC:ComputerC;Communication
environment
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Let’s summarize these discussions.
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The Age of IBM (1975-1985)informatization of business by host computers
The Age of Multimedia (1985-1995)informatization of people by personal computers
The Age of Network (1995-2005)informatization of society by internet and
broadband
The Age of Scientific Computation (1965-1975)informatization of science by computing systems
The History of Computer in 10
Year Increments
1946 ENIAC
(the University of Pennsylvania)
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Now, a new age is coming.
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Content is the new leader of IT
IBM Microsoft Google, Yahoo! ・・・・・
Paradigm shift in IT industriesNumber of users (unit: million)
System- centered
PC-centered
network-centered
content-centered
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・Packaged Contentsmovies, animation, games…
・Network ContentsWEB2.0, blogs, Second Life …
・Real-World ContentsAll of the ubiquitous world involves
contents.
Contents
・Archived Contentsbook, library, museum…
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Content is the new leader of IT
IBM Microsoft Google, Yahoo! ・・・・・
Paradigm shift in IT industriesNumber of users (unit: million)
System- centered
PC-centered
network-centered
content-centered
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The Age of IBM (1975-1985) informatization of business
The Age of Multimedia (1985-1995) informatization of people
The Age of Network (1995-2005) informatization of society
The Age of Contents (2005- )From here on out, a communication
culture will be built on this infrastructure.
-------- This is how the infrastructure was built. --------
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The University of Tokyo has started to accept the
challenge posed by content.
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Industry-Academia Cooperative Education Program in
Content Creation Science
5 years from 2004(no more applications)
Figure (newspaper article) removed due to copyright restrictions
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Research Core for Educationin Digital Content Creation
For undergraduate students
Started last fall with 2 subjects
10 subjects from this year
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Summary
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The Age of IBM (1975-1985)informatization of business by host computers
The Age of Multimedia (1985-1995)informatization of people by personal computers
The Age of Network (1995-2005)informatization of society by internet,
broadband
The Age of Scientific Computation (1965-1975)informatization of science by computing systems
The History of Computer in 10
Year Increments
1946 ENIAC
(the University of Pennsylvania)
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the age of contents (2005- )From here on out, a
communication culture is going to be built on this infrastructure.
And now,
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contents
network
personal computers
host computersIBM
|MS-DOS
|search engine
??????
IBM-PC
Microsoftbrowser(IE)
Google, Yahoo!digital archive|?
The leading players have changed.
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You are the next leaders.
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End
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Thank you for listening.