Globalisation&
the Architect
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ARCHITECTS
Kiev June 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President
GlobalisationQuestions ?
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Key Issues
•An international policy•A conspiracy•A Strategy
1. Context – Global Trends2. Education3. Practice4. International standards5. The Future
Asymmetry1. Context Global Trends
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Emerging Economies
•70% of world population of •architects from developed countries•Students architects from developing countries
•70% of world market of architecture in the developing world•Africa = 50 000 architects•Europe = 500 000 architects
•BRICS•EX-USSR – Transition countries•Gulf oil rich countries•Newly accessed EU countries•Africa – Star countries like Angola, Equatorial Guinea•Global Japanese real estate investments•Intensive tourism development in Asia
Context
Kuala Lumpur
Technology
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Context
•6,5 billions population•4,5 billions radios•3,5 billions tv•3,2 billions mobiles•1,5 billion computers•600 millions bloggers (MySpace, Facebook,etc)
Electronic Change
•1950s - Air travel•1960s – Communication systems telephone, fax, email, internet•1980s – Computer (r)evolution, mobile telephone•1990s – Digital camera
Bilbao
1. Context Global Trends
Emerging Issues
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Context
•Sustainability•Energy conservation•Green technology
•Cultural Identity•Accessibility
Policies•Public Health
•To protect well-being against dangerous materials/bacteria•Public Safety
•To withstand natural forces such as fire, wind ,earthquakes•Public Welfare
•To contribute to functional and esthetic well-being
1. Context Global Trends
Political Framework - MRAs
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Context
•APEC: 14 countries•EEC – 30 countries•Schenghen – 24 countries mobility•NAFTA – US, Canada, Mexico
1. Context Global Trends
ANZCERTA
ASEAN
SAARC/SAFTA
CIS
EU
GCC
UMA
UEMOA
CEMAC
COMESA
SADC
SACU
NAFTA
G3
MCCA
CARICOM
MERCOSUR
EFTA
•MRAs bypass registration procedures•MRAs – ACE: Mexico, Cuba , US•AU-NZ : Singapore and US
Change in needs
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Education
•Imbalance: more students in developed countries – except China•Training in one location – Practice in a different location
2. Education
New role of the architect
•Corporate social responsibility •Cities & poverty
•Presence at higher decision level•Competition with engineers•Real Estate positions
•Global marketplace •Professional business management skills•International business practice
Sao Paulo
New York
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Education
2. Education
•Sustainability•Energy conservation•Green technology
•Cultural Identity•Accessibility
Change in curriculum contents
Global Footprint
Harmonisation
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Education
•Minimum 5 years - Undergraduate•Minimum 2 years – Practical Experience – HMO?•Bologna Directive – 4 years•1999 UIA Accord •2002 UIA UNESCO Charter •Schools outside these minima - problems
2. Education
Schools Accreditation - Validation
•1400 Schools/Universities worldwide•International mobility•International recognition of qualifications•Anglo-Saxon model – Profession control system•State controlled system•2002 -UIA-UNESCO Validation system
CPD
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Education
•47 Countries – Existing systems•17 Countries – Mandatory•EU – ACE : Towards mandatory system•Mandatory annually to renew the practice license•Contents
•New technologies•Changing forms of practice•Building Codes & Regulations
•Architects practising away from home•UIA CPD International system
2. Education
Broadly Experienced International Architect
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Education
•Recognised qualification•Professional license•Professional international experience 7-10 years•Clean Track record vis-à-vis ethics or legal issues
2. Education Competitive Edge
•Wider range of professional services•Feasibility studies•Post-occupancy evaluations•Facilities management
•Specialist markets•Airports, Hospitals, Museums, Hotel & Leisure facilities
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Practice
3. PracticeGlobal Trends
•Larger firms more than 100 employees•Larger scope of services•Market specialised niche•Multidisciplinary – QS, Lawyers, Construction managers,•Competition from other professions – Engineers, Project Managers
Extent of Trade
•US 2007 international architectural fees = 2,8 billions €•Exporters : US, EU, Australia, Japan and Canada•Importers:Asia, Middle East, Ex-USSR •Growth:
•Asia 6,1 %, Eastern EU 4,5%, Middle East and Africa 4,2%•South America 3,9%, North America 2,7 % , Western EU 1,8%
•China, Gulf states and Brazil in Africa•US, UK, AU in Asia•EU in ex-USSR states
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Practice
3. Practice
New Delivery Systems
•Design and Build•PPP, BOT
Driving Forces
•Clients seeking internationally reputed or specialists architects •Clients expanding their business abroad•Free trade agreements•Public agencies employing domestic architects for foreign projects•International competitions•Economy downturn at home
Form of Foreign Practice
•Long term presence•One time Joint Venture•Commercial presence•Buying a firm•Outsourcing
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Practice
3. Practice
Offshoring - Outsourcing
•Recent and expanding development•Shortage of architects at home•Architects from 1st world sending work to a qualified source abroad•Short circuits all legal barriers.
Modes
•Mode 1: Cross-border supply•Mode 2:Consumption abroad•Mode 3:Commercial Presence•Mode 4: Presence of Natural Persons
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Practice
3. Practice Outsourced Locations
•Common language•Professionally educated labour•Established and stable base of the rule of law
Outsourcing Benefits
•Work on tight time schedule due to different time zones•Expanding commissions to find architects when not available at home•Obtain foreign professional services without increasing firm size•Lower costs basis than at home•Establish business relationships with foreign architects educated abroad before they go home•Establish and/or expand foreign basis for future international projects
Marrakesh
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Practice
3. Practice Outsourced Tasks
•Architectural working drawings•Presentation models and renderings
Outsourcing Countries
•Largely confined in Asia :India, Philippines, Thailand •Also in Morocco, Tunisia and Mexico•India has only 4% of its IT activities in Construction services•Projected US firms outsourcing
•2006: 8%•2009: 20%
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Practice
3. Practice
Regulatory requirements
•Academic•Recognised qualification (5 years)
•Professional•Experience (2 years)•Examination (some countries)•Clean Track record ( Ethics and Legal)•CPD (some countries)
•Financial, Immigration and Labour laws•Business Visa•Customs regulations (documents, materials, models)•Establishing business presence•Transfer of profits out of country•Tax policies and regulations
ChattingHangzhou
ChattingNew York
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Practice
3. Practice National Bodies
•Under pressure to revise their laws to recognise and accommodate the realities of the changing global practice•EU –ACE is one example.
Bottlenecks by National Bodies
•Resistance/Hesitancy to change•Anglo-saxon and Napoleonic approaches in MRA negotiations•Lack of understanding between Federal and state systems•Prohibition to register to non-residents•Slow implementation of national obligations of international agreements•Need of international database for registration •Need of international established order
Napoli
Globalisation – Architectural Services
UIA
4.UIA From National to Regional Organisations
•FPAA 1950:Federation of Pan-American Architects•CAA 1965:Commonwealth Association of Architects•ARCASIA 1969:Architects Regional Council of Asia•AUA 1981: Africa Union of Architects •ACE 1990:Architects Council of Europe
One International Organisation - UIA
•1948 – 125 Countries – 1 500 000 architects•Architects – International Standards and Norms•Architecture - International Policies•World Representation and Recognition•World Network•World Database
Fes
Our Assets
4. UIA
Globalisation- Architectural Services
2005 915,402,339,0006,453,639,850
83,71%
2002 764,764,672,0006,097,066,860
78,38% +5,33%
•Organised Advocacy capacity•Accreditation power – Validation – Training•Geographical network•Standards development•Credibility and Reputation•International Database of expertise•Power of communication
Global Assets
Vision & Mission
Five MissionsPrinciples
Vision & Strategy
Development
To transform the present UIA into a unique world recognised body for the profession and for Architecture•International Standards•International Policies•International Architectural Observatory•Plan the future
POLICIES
To promote better recognition of Architecture and ArchitectsTo make our action more pertinent and coherent whilst recognising the great diversity of cultures, challenges and practices.•Promote Architecture•Promote Architects•Reinforce our Network of Strategic Partnerships
ADVOCACY
To establish a solidarity and cooperation network among architects of the world.To speed up change to achieve targets set by UIA policies•Education•Professional Practice•Knowledge Sharing•International Cooperation
CAPACITY BUILDING
To strengthen and develop UIA.•Reinforce the Organisation•Sustainable Resources•Reinforce our Network of Commercial Partnerships•Manage all the partners’ agreements
DEVELOPMENT
To become a powerful communication network•External Representation•Engage UIA Membership•Expand UIA Membership
REPRESENTATION
VISIONBuild a better Environment for Humanity
Development
Globalisation – Architectural Services
UIA
4.UIA
Mobility - Harmonisation
•Develop equivalency•Develop international standards•Establish agreements •Validate and Accredit•Enable capacity building
Globalisation – Architectural Services
UIA
4.UIA – Education International Standards
•2002 UNESCO-UIA Charter for Education•Curriculum definition
•UNESCO-UIA Validation of Schools/Universities•Parnership with RIBA
•CPD – Continuing Professional Development•Partnership with Spain •International CPD platform
Exchange programme
•International Exchange programme for students and young architects•International Exchange programme for lecturers
International Database
•World schools survey – Tsinghua University, Shanghai
Curaçao
Practice WorldwideStatistics 03 Studentsnumber of students unknown (7): Belgium, Benin, Canada, Congo R.D., Spain, Italy, Mexicono schools of architecture (6): Andorra, Netherlands Antilles, Congo, Mauritius, Namibia, Trinidad & Tobago
country/territory arch. stud. ratio
CN P.R. of China 36.000 410.000 11,389HN Honduras 450 1.300 2,889IR Iran 3.400 8.000 2,353NG Nigeria 4.500 10.000 2,222 CZ Czech Republic 2.921 5.000 1,712SD Sudan 800 1.300 1,625KR South Korea 10.140 12.000 1,183CR Costa Rica 2.003 2.145 1,071AR Argentina 42.000 44.000 1,048
IN India 30.000 26,000 0,867DE Germany 50.000 41.759 0,835PT Portugal 12.113 9.302 0,768BD Bangladesh 1.181 900 0,762FR France 26.964 19.000 0,705RO Romania 5.500 3.800 0,691MY Malaysia 3.167 1.898 0,599SI Slovenia 1.200 700 0,583CH Switzerland 5.330 3.000 0,563SK Slovakia 2.500 1.400 0,560PL Poland 13.500 6.770 0,501UZ Uzbekistan 1.099 550 0,500AU Australia 11.605 5.486 0,473MT Malta 515 237 0,460FI Finland 3.500 1.600 0,457RU Russia 11.883 5.000 0,421SG Singapore 1.469 617 0,420
country/territory arch. stud. ratio
PS Palestina 1.074 450 0,419
EC Ecuador 13.400 5.250 0,392US United States 102.000 36.300 0,356UK United Kingdom 30.399 10.000 0,329GR Greece 15.756 5.000 0,317LT Lithuania 2.700 838 0,310HR Croatia 3.000 920 0,307BO Bolivia 5.265 1.500 0,285NL Netherlands 8.350 2.280 0,273JP Japan 307.558 80.000 0,260EG Egypt 19.954 5.123 0,257HK Hong Kong 2.040 500 0,245SE Sweden 5.376 1.300 0,242AM Armenia 1.200 250 0,208GE Georgia 2.500 500 0,200ZA South Africa 4.271 800 0,187TR Turkey 29.655 5.000 0,169MK FYR of Macedonia 3.000 500 0,167IE Ireland 2.500 400 0,160EE Estonia 700 105 0,150IL Israel 7.000 1.000 0,143CS Serbia & Montenegro8.000 1.000 0,125BR Brazil 80.000 8.500 0,106NZ New Zealand 1.650 175 0,106HU Hungary 4.000 300 0,075BY Belarus X 1.400 X
2005: 0.422‰
2010: 0.402‰
Globalisation – Architectural Services
UIA
4.UIA – Practice International Standards
•1999 UIA International Accord on Practice•2006 WTO Geneva discussions on Domestic Regulations•UIA – Only body according to Art VIII of GATS to establish international standards for architectural services
Capacity Building
•Enabling transition countries to reach international standards
International Database
•International Practice survey – COAC, Barcelona – 91 Countries
Bucharest
Tokyo
Practice Worldwide
STATISTICS02 Architects
Num. arch. unspecified (2): Belarus, Mexico
2010: 0.480‰
2002: 0.266‰
country/territory inhab. arch.ratio
JP Japan 127,914,000 307,5582.404
IT Italy 57,253,000 111,0631.940
MK FYR Macedonia 2,076,000 3,0001.445
GR Greece 10,978,000 15,7561.435
LU Luxembourg 437,000 6001.373
MT Malta 397,000 5151.297
PT Portugal 10,080,000 12,1131.202
DK Denmark 5,320,000 6,0001.128
IS Iceland 279,000 3141.125
BE Belgium 10,359,000 11,5001.110
AR Argentina 39,311,000 42,0001.068
IL Israel 6,685,000 7,0001.047
EC Ecuador 13,379,000 13,4001.002
ES Spain 41,184,000 40,7410.989
AD Andorra 75,000 690.920
NO Norway 4,469,000 3,8000.850
LT Lithuania 3,401,000 2,7000.794
CO Colombia 42,105,000 33,3000.791
CS Serbia &Mtgro 10,513,000 8,0000.761
CH Switzerland 7,157,000 5,3300.745
HR Croatia 4,405,000 3,0000.681
FI Finland 5,224,000 3,5000.670
IE Ireland 4,040,000 2,5000.619
SI Slovenia 1,979,000 1,2000.606
DE Germany 82,560,000 50,0000.606
SE Sweden 8,895,000 5,3760.604
CL Chile 15,211,000 9,0000.592
AU Australia 20,092,000 11,6050.578
BO Bolivia 9,138,000 5,2650.576
EE Estonia 1,294,000 7000.541
VE Venezuela 24,170,000 13,0000.538
country/territory inhab. arch.ratio
BG Bulgaria 7,949,000 4,1780.526
NL Netherlands 16,300,000 8,3500.512
UK United Kingdom 59,818,000 30,3990.508
GE Georgia 5,026,000 2,5000.497
LV Latvia 2,421,000 1,2000.496
SK Slovakia 5,411,000 2,5000.462
CR Costa Rica 4,372,000 2,0030.458
FR France 60,525,000 26,9640.446
BR Brazil 182,798,000 80,0000.438
NZ New Zealand 3,932,000 1,6500.420
HU Hungary 9,784,000 4,0000.409
TR Turkey 73,302,000 29,6550.405
AM Armenia 3,043,000 1,2000.394
AT Austria 8,080,000 3,1040.384
PL Poland 38,516,000 13,5000.351
US United States 300,038,000 102,0000.340
SG Singapore 4,372,000 1,4690.336
CZ Czech Republic 10,216,000 2,9210.286
HK Hong Kong 7,182,000 2,0400.284
PS Palestine 3,815,000 1,0740.282
EG Egypt 74,878,000 19,9540.266
PR Puerto Rico 3,915,000 1,0270.262
RO Romania 22,228,000 5,5000.247
CA Canada 31,972,000 7,5000.235
PH Phillipines 75,653,000 16,0000.211
KR Rep. of Korea 48,182,000 10,1400.210
MO Macao 444,000 710.160
MD Moldova 4,295,000 6700.156
TN Tunisia 9,459,000 1,4000.148
UA Ukraine 49,568,000 7,1000.143
country/territory inhab. arch.ratio
AN Neth. Antilles 224,000 300.134
MY Malaysia 25,325,000 3,1670.125
VN Vietnam 78,137,000 8,5000.109
MU Mauritius 1,244,000 1260.101
ZA South Africa 45,323,000 4,2710.094
RU Russia 141,553,000 11,8830.084
TT Trinidad & Tobago 1,311,000 1000.076
HN Honduras 7,257,000 4500.062
NA Namibia 2,032,000 1040.051
MA Morocco 29,878,000 1,4500.049
IR Iran 70,675,000 3,4000.048
UZ Uzbekistan 26,868,000 1,0990.041
NG Nigeria 130,236,000 4,5000.035
ID Indonesia 212,092,000 6,0000.028
CN P.R. of China 1,299,487,000 36,0000.028
LK Sri Lanka 18,924,000 4850.026
IN India 1,008,937,000 25,0000.025
SD Sudan 35,040,000 8000.023
CG Congo 3,921,000 700.018
KE Kenia 30,669,000 5000.016
BJ Benin 7,103,000 1070.015
ML Mali 13,829,000 2000.014
CD D.R. of Congo 56,079,000 8000.014
ZW Zimbabwe 12,627,000 1000.008
BD Bangladesh 152,593,000 1,1810.008
TZ Tanzania 35,119,000 1710.005
SL Sierra Leone 5,340,000 200.004
TD Chad 9,117,000 200.002
BY Belarus 9,809,000 X
MX Mexico 106,385,000 X
Globalisation – Architectural Services
UIA
4.UIA – Practice UIA Accord - International Guidelines
•Professionalism Standards•Education•Scope of Practice•Practice in a host nation•Intellectual Property – Copyright•Role of Professional Bodies•Practical Experience – Training – Internship•CPD•Demonstration of Professional Knowledge•Ethics and Conduct•Accreditation – Validation – Recognition•Registration – Licensing – Certification•Form of Practice•Computer Practice•Building Delivery Systems•Codes and Standards•Use with National Governments•Mutual Recognition AgreementsAbu Dhabi
Values- Social IssuesCollective global assets
Globalisation – Architectural Services
The Future
•Access to education•Access to health•Access to the city
World collective heritage
•Environment•Cultural Diversity
International Standards
•Education•Professional Practice
Lisbon
Sochi
Extreme Mobility of
has removed all barriers of protection
Globalisation = ContextConclusion
Globalisation – Architectural Services
The Future
•People•Goods•Ideas and Concepts
•When wealth and world assets are shared•Forced or natural•Depending on our desire of solidarity
Changing Role of the Architect - Solidarity
Globalisation/Crisis = Danger + Opportunity 危 机
Wealth 2015
Merci
Globalisation – Architectural Services
Istanbul, 22 February 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President