Download - Goal 2.02: Cell Structure and Functions
AP Biology 2008-2009
Goal 2.02:Cell Structure and FunctionsGoal 2.02:Cell Structure and Functions
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Discovery Lab: Light Microscopes, Cells and Magnification
plant cells
Prokaryote- no organelles
Eukaryotes - Have membrane bound organelles
bacteriacells
animal cells
Types of Cells
What differences can you see between these cells?
Cell size comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns
Viruses are smaller than bacteria and they are NOT ALIVE!
The Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.2. New cells come from cells.3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function
of living things.
May the CODE be with you!
1. ALTMC2. NCFC3. CBUSFLT
Cell Quiz 01
1. What type of cell is shown below? (Plant or Animal)
Cell Quiz 01
2. What type of cell is shown below? (Eukaryote or Prokaryote)
Cell Quiz 01
3. What type of cell is shown below? (Plant, Animal or Bacteria)
Cell Quiz 01
Write out the Three Points of the Cell Theory.
4. _____________________________________________5. _____________________________________________6. _____________________________________________
Cell Quiz 01
7. What part of the cell theory provides evidence to the concept of Unity among living things?
8. What part of the cell theory provides a mechanism for the evolution of organisms?
9. What part of the cell theory supports the concept of the organization of all living things?
10. List the following from largest to smallest:prokaryotic cell, virus, eukaryotic cell
Model Animal Cell
Organelles = membrane bound structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell.
Cell MEMBRANE
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head” Structure
double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer
Proteins receptor molecules transport molecules
Cell MEMBRANE (cont.)
FUNCTIONS of the Cell Membrane:1.Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.2.Transport proteins control what enters and leaves the cell.3.Receptor proteins communicate between cells and with anything in the environment.
Cell Communication
Some cells can send signals to other cells.
Ex. Nerve cells sending chemical signals, called impulses to other nerve cells. This is how your brain tells your finger that it has touched a hot stove!
Ex. Plant hormones stimulate the growth and death of plant cells.
Auxin: responsible for the growth pattern of plants toward sunlight Gibberellins tell the plant embryo to cease being dormant and germinate. Cytokinins promote cell division and differentiation.
Cytoplasm = jelly-like filling that holds organelles
Centrioles = used in cell division and replication
Surface Area: Volume Lab http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_size.htm
Vacuoles & Vesicles
plant cellsplant cells
contractilevacuoles
contractilevacuoles
animal cellsanimal cells
central vacuole central vacuole
food vacuoles food vacuoles
Lysosomes
small foodparticle
vacuole
digesting food
lysosomes
Structure membrane sac of
digestive enzymes Function
digest food clean up & recycle
digest broken organelles
digesting brokenorganelles
Structure double membrane
Function make ATP energy cellular respiration
sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life
Mitochondria
in BOTH animal
& plant cellsin BOTH animal
& plant cells
ATP
Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2
cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP
Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight
photosynthesis
sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy
build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars
Plants make energy two ways!
ATP
ATP
sugar
Mitochondria are in both cells!
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
mitochondriamitochondria
Chloroplast/plastidChloroplast/plastid
Chloroplasts are only in plant cells.
When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are fatal
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up food, but can’t digest it
lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &
organ function example:
Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells
Tay Sachs Disease http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.onewrong/
But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed some cells need to die as a part of normal
development in an organism “auto-destruct” process
lysosomes break open and kill cell cell “suicide”
Example 1 of necessary Lysosome work:Tadpoles must re-absorb their tails when becoming a frog.
15 weeks
6 weekssyndactyly
Example 2 of necessary Lysosome work:During human fetal development cells must be destroyed to separate fingers and toes.
Nucleus Function
control center of cell protects DNA
instructions for building proteins
Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus
ribosome factory chromosomes
DNA
Where is the nucleus in a bacterial cell?
Ribosomes on ER
Ribosomes Function
protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA
Structure 2 subunits some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER
largesubunit
smallsubunit
Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
part of protein factory helps complete the
proteins makes membranes
Structure rough ER
ribosomes attached works on proteins
smooth ER makes membranes
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes
transport vesicles
vesiclescarrying proteins
Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”
Structure membrane sacs
Golgi Apparatus
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell Specialization
In unicellular organisms, cells are not specialized. One cells does all.
In multicellular organisms, cells become specialized with different types of cells performing different functions for the organism.
You can dissolve an embryonic heart into its individual cell types with trypsin, an enzyme that destroys the protein glue between the cells. Plate these cells in a dish and you will see some cells - called myocytes - that beat independently. A single cell beats when a complex series of gates – called ion channels - open and close in an organized manner. The cells shown here are from the chick embryo.
As long as the beating cells do not touch one another, their beats are independent - some are faster, some are slower. But after two or three days, the myocytes form interconnected sheets of cells (monolayers, shown right) that beat in unison. Pores (gap junctions) open between adjacent touching cells, making their cytoplasms interconnected. It is these gap junctions that ensure that the connected cells work as one.If the cells of the adult don't beat in unison, heart arrythmias can occur. Electronic pacemakers may sometimes be used in a patient whose heart doesn't beat in rhythm.
Cell Structures Quiz Tomorrow!
Be prepared to identify structures in both plant and animal cells
AndDescribe the function of each
structure.
1. What kind of cell is this?
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11. What kind of cell is this?
Extra Credit Opportunity! Create a model of either an animal cell
or a plant cell that includes all of the structures we have discussed and indicates the function of each of the structures.
Must be turned in no later than 1 week prior to the end of the current six weeks grading period.