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Gods Concerned with Morality
Gods Stratified Unstratified
Yes 24 2
No 8 12
___________________
Chi Square = 14.609
P Value = 0.00013228
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Requirements ofScientific Explanations
1. Major concepts must have empirical referents. 2. Specific phenomena under investigation and the relationships among them
must be measurable.
--operational definitions
3. Inferences and abstractions should be based on objective criteria and involve generally agreed-upon criteria.
--intersubjectivity
4. The relationships among the various elements included in an analysis should be testable and refutable.
--falsifiability
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Assumptions Propositions Hypotheses Conclusions
Newton vs. Einstein
Special Creation vs. Evolution
Hindu Theology vs. Irrigation
Chagnon vs. Harris vs. Abruzzi
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Incest
all 1st cousins
FB S/D & MS
S/D
FB S/D & MS S/D
All 1st cousins
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Hill’s Criteria of Causation
• Temporal Relationship
• Strength
• Dose-Response Relationship
• Consistency
• Plausibility
• Consideration of Alternate Explanations
• Experiment
• Specificity
• Coherence
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The Uniformitarian Principle
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Marital structure
Is it possible to generate a logically consistent etic explanation for why different forms of marriage are commonly practiced in various societies? Consider the following questions:
1. Under what conditions is polygyny more likely to be practiced? 2. Under what conditions is polyandry more likely to be practiced? 3. Under what conditions is monogamy more likely to be practiced? 4. Under what conditions is single-parenthood more likely to be practiced?
* * * * * 5. What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in foraging societies? 6. What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in subsistence based
horticultural and agricultural societies? 7. What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in urban industrial
societies? 8. What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in post-industrial
(hyperindustrial) societies?
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"A concern with knowing the world, rather than advocating a view of the world because it confirms some political, ideological, or religious project, has always been fundamental to scientific philosophy.“
--Lawrence Kuznar (1997)
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Cultural MaterialismTerms and Concepts
Infrastructural Determinism
Infrastructure Structure Superstructure
Mode of Production Domestic Economy
Mode of Reproduction Political Economy
* * * * * * * * * Material Conditions Organization Norms, Values
Population/Resource Economic Beliefs, ScienceCost/Benefit Family, Kinship Religion, AttitudesEcology Social, Political
Religious, Warfare
Selection Adaptation Enculturation Life Support Systems Emic vs. Etic
Energy Flow Rational ExplanationCritical Resources Population vs. Culture
Malthusian * Neo-Malthusian * Non-Malthusian
Population Productivity Intensification
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