Going Against The Grain:
Grains, Distilling & Grain Spiritsby
Philip Duff
25 February, 2012
What?
Going Against The Grain
What?
– Grasses (Family Graminae)
Going Against The Grain
What?
– Grasses (Family Graminae)– Cereals (Types of Grasses)
Going Against The Grain
What?
– Grasses (Family Graminae)– Cereals (Types of Grasses) - Grains (fruits of Cereals)
Going Against The Grain
What?
Going Against The Grain
Corn (Maize) Rice Wheat Barley Sorghum Millet Oats Rye Triticale Buckwheat0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Global Grain Production
2007
Metric tons (millions)
What?
– Hull / husk (barley, Oats)– Bran (Pericarp & Aleurone) - Endosperm - Germ
Going Against The Grain
What? Corn (Maize)
– Mexico, 7-10,000 years ago
Going Against The Grain
What? Corn (Maize)
– Mexico, 7-10,000 years ago– Colombus brought to Europe
Going Against The Grain
What? Corn (Maize)
– Mexico, 7-10,000 years ago– Colombus brought to Europe - Most widely cultivated grain
Going Against The Grain
What? Corn (Maize)
– Mexico, 7-10,000 years ago– Colombus brought to Europe - Most widely cultivated grain - US Subsidies: Feed, HFCS, Ethanol
Going Against The Grain
What? Corn (Maize)
– Mexico, 7-10,000 years ago– Colombus brought to Europe - Most widely cultivated grain - US Subsidies: Feed, HFCS, Ethanol - American Whiskey!
Going Against The Grain
What? Corn (Maize)
– Mexico, 7-10,000 years ago– Colombus brought to Europe - Most widely cultivated grain - US Subsidies: Feed, HFCS, Ethanol - American Whiskey! - Nixtamalization!
Going Against The Grain
What? Wheat
– Near east, 12-14,000 yrs ago
Going Against The Grain
What? Wheat
– Near east, 12-14,000 yrs ago– Diploid: Einkorn
Going Against The Grain
What? Wheat
– Near east, 12-14,000 yrs ago– Diploid: Einkorn - Tetraploid: Emmer (Italian; Farro)
Going Against The Grain
What? Wheat
– Near east, 12-14,000 yrs ago– Diploid: Einkorn - Tetraploid: Emmer (Italian; Farro) Durum (Pastas, 1st Un-hulled Wheat)
Going Against The Grain
What? Wheat
– Near east, 12-14,000 yrs ago– Diploid: Einkorn - Tetraploid: Emmer (Italian; Farro) Durum (Pastas, 1st Un-hulled Wheat) - Hexaploid: Modern Bread Wheats
Going Against The Grain
What? Wheat
– Near east, 12-14,000 yrs ago– Diploid: Einkorn - Tetraploid: Emmer (Italian; Farro) Durum (Pastas, 1st Un-hulled Wheat) - Hexaploid: Modern Bread Wheats - Winter Wheat: Less/No Pesticides
Going Against The Grain
What? Wheat
– Near east,12-14,000 yrs ago
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum –
Going Against The Grain
(barley)
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum – Orge -
Going Against The Grain
(barley) (barley)
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum – Orge - Orge mondé –
Going Against The Grain
(barley) (barley) (hulled barley)
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum – Orge - Orge mondé – Orgeat (barley) (barley) (hulled barley) - Spain:
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum – Orge - Orge mondé – Orgeat (barley) (barley) (hulled barley) - Spain: Orgeat –
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum – Orge - Orge mondé – Orgeat (barley) (barley) (hulled barley) - Spain: Orgeat – Horchata (tiger/chufa nuts)
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum – Orge - Orge mondé – Orgeat (barley) (barley) (hulled barley) - Spain: Orgeat – Horchata (tiger/chufa nuts) - Tisanes, Robinsons' Barley water
Going Against The Grain
What? Barley
– SW Asia– Barley = Poor, Wheat = rich - 50% Used as Feed, 33% As Malt - France: Hordeum – Orge - Orge mondé – Orgeat (barley) (barley) (hulled barley) - Spain: Orgeat – Horchata (tiger/chufa nuts) - Tisanes, Robinsons' Barley water
Going Against The Grain
What? Other Grains
– Oats: Irish, Genever, Etc.– Millet, Fonio, Sorghum - Triticale: Rye/Wheat cross (1800s) - Non-Cereals: Amaranth (Herb)
Quinoa (Beet/spinach) Buckwheat (Rhubarb/Sorrel)
Going Against The Grain
What? Breakfast!
– The Kelloggs, 1906
Going Against The Grain
What? Breakfast!
– The Kelloggs, 1906
Going Against The Grain
What? Breakfast!
– The Kelloggs, 1906
Going Against The Grain
What? Breakfast!
– The Kelloggs, 1906
Going Against The Grain
How? Distilling
Step 1: Ferment Beer -Cereal Yeast Water Optional: Flavourings 900AD: Hops
Going Against The Grain
How? Distilling
Step 1: Ferment Beer
Step 2: Distill Beer (To Concentrate The Alcohol) Cook It or Freeze It Remove The Flaws Enjoy!
Going Against The Grain
How? Distilling
The Pot Still
Going Against The Grain
How? Distilling
What Affects Flavour? Type Grain(s) & How Malted Type yeast & Length Ferment
Duration & Alc.% Distillation Type & Extent Filtering
Time (if any) & Type Barrel(s)
Going Against The Grain
When? The Evolution of Spirits
Going Against The Grain
When? 589, St. Colombanus,
Ireland
“serve about the ale which is bruised from the juice of
wheat and barley”
Going Against The Grain
When? 1169, The Normans,
Ireland
Vintners!Aqua vite (water of the vine)
vsAqua Vitae (water of life)
=uisce beatha (idem)
Going Against The Grain
When? 1269, Der Naturen Bloeme,
Holland
“He who has crampsCook juniper in wine
It's good against the pain"
Going Against The Grain
When? 1494,
Scotland
“Eight bolls of malt to Friar John Cor
wherewith to make aqua vitae"
Going Against The Grain
When? 1495, The Sloane Manuscripts
Holland
“Making Burned Wine”
Lees-distilled wineWith Botanicals
Going Against The Grain
When? 1556, Ireland
Act of Parliament:
“The consumption of graine in making of aqua vitae, and that it is not Profitable to be daily
drunk and used is now universally through the realm of Ireland”
Going Against The Grain
When? 1582, A Guide To Distilling,
Holland (& Europe)
[distilled grain spirit]... “in aroma and taste is
Almost the same as brandy-wine” and is
“not only named brandywine but also drunk and paid for as brandywine”
Going Against The Grain
When? 1640, First Distillery,
USA
Going Against The Grain
When? 1689 - 1751
England
The Gin Craze&
The Gin-Ocracy
Going Against The Grain
When? 1689 - 1751
England
The Gin Craze&
The Gin-Ocracy
Going Against The Grain
When? 1689 - 1751
England
The Gin Craze&
The Gin-Ocracy
Going Against The Grain
When? 1689 - 1751
England
The Gin Craze&
The Gin-Ocracy
Going Against The Grain
When? 1750
Ireland
Dr. Johnson, LexicographerWhiskey is:
“Particularly distinguished for it's pleasant and mild spirit...
It is a compounded, distilled spirit, being drawn on aromatiks”.
Going Against The Grain
When? 1779 - 1823
Ireland
Shallow-Still Output&
The Rectifiers
Going Against The Grain
When? 1830
Ireland
Aenaes Coffey Invents The Continual Still
(1848: Corn Laws Repealed)
Going Against The Grain
How? Distilling
The Pot Still
Going Against The Grain
How? Distilling
The Coffey/ Patent/ContinualStill
Going Against The Grain
When? 1853
Scotland
Andrew Usher inventsBlended Whisky
Going Against The Grain
When? 1860
France
Phylloxera
Going Against The Grain
When? 1877
Scotland
The Distiller's Company Limited (DCL)
Going Against The Grain
When? 1894
Russia
Mendeleev“Pure” Vodka
(state subsidised also)
Going Against The Grain
When? 1920
America
Prohibition
Going Against The Grain
When? 1860s Russia
&1940s USA
The Smirnovs
Going Against The Grain
When? 1860s Russia
&1940s USA
The Smirnovs
Going Against The Grain
When? 1963
Scotland
Single Malt SoldOutside ScotlandFor the First Time
Going Against The Grain
When? 1965
America
Singles Bars
Going Against The Grain
When? 1967?
America
Bond,Russia
And the Rise of
Vodka
Going Against The Grain
When? 1979
America
VodkaAs A
FashionBrand
(And Modern Flavoured Vodkas)
Going Against The Grain
When? 1997USA
Super PremiumGoes Bananas
Going Against The Grain
When? 2008
The European Union
EU 110 / 2008
Going Against The Grain
When? 2008
Scotland, USA
The Return Of the
White Dog
Going Against The Grain
When? 2011
Globally
Half The World'sBest-selling spirits
Are grain based
Going Against The Grain
When? 2011
Globally
Half The World'sBest-selling spirits
Are grain based
Going Against The Grain
When?
Going Against The Grain
When?
Going Against The Grain
Thank you for your attention!
More?www. slideshare . net
philip @ liquidsolutions . org
@philipduff
Going Against The Grain