Download - Good Evening!
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Good Evening!
Ganesha Statue, Bali
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Namaste!
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Hinduism
• When did Hinduism originate?• What are some of the Hindu sacred texts?• Who are the main Hindu deities?
• What do Hindus believe?• How do Hindus practice their religion?• What is the future of Hinduism?
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When did it originate?
• Aryans: Rural steppe horsemen (1700 BC)• Urban Indus river valley people (3300 BC)• Other Indigenous Populations
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Origins: Aryan Migration Theory (1700-1500 BC)
Theorized Aryan migration routes (Based on spread of chariot technology)
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Aryan Traditions
Sanskrit Rig-Veda manuscript
Fire ritual sacrifices (Yajna)
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Origins: Indus Valley Civilization(started 3300 BC)
Main Indus Valley Civilization settlements
The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro
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“Pashupati Seal” from Mohenjo Daro
Meditating Shiva
Indus Valley and
Modern Hindu Swastikas
Cattle seal
Nandi, Shiva’s bull
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Review of History:
• No known foundation date
• Mix of Aryan and local beliefs
• Identities of original Aryans and Indus Valley settlers remains unknown
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What are the Sacred Texts?
VedasUpanishads
MahabharataBhagavad Gita
Ramayana
PuranasDevotional Writings
Modern Texts
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Vedas (C. 1700 BC)
Indra
Fire Sacrifice
Suyra
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Upanishads (starting 1000-500 BC)
“As the rivers flowing east and west Merge in the sea and become one with it, Forgetting they were separate rivers, So do all creatures lose their separateness When they merge at last into pure Being. There is nothing that does not come from him. Of everything he is the inmost Self. He is the truth; he is the Self supreme. You are that Shvetaketu, you are that.” (Chadogya Upanishad IV.10.1-3)
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Mahabharata (starting 800-900 BC)
IncludesBhagavad Gita
Drona instructs the Pandava brothers The Pandavas renounce the world
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Bhagavad Gita (C. 500 B)
Krishna’s Universal FormKrishna and Arjuna
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Ramayana (400-500 BC)
Ravana captures Sita
Ram and Lakshman meet Hanuman and other Vanaras
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Puranas (200-500 AD)
Krishna dances on the heads of Kaliya Varaha rescuing the Earth from the demon Hiranyaksha
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Devotional Literature“Friend, my heart is steeped
In Krishna’s Love,I wore a robe of five colours
And went to play hide and seekI saw my Dark Lover there
And gave him my body for keeps.Others send letters to declare their love:
But my Lover is in my heartWhat need have I to go anywhere?”
-Song by Mira Bai
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Modern Texts
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Review of Main Texts
VedasUpanishads
Mahabharata(Bhagavad Gita)
Ramayana
PuranasDevotional Writings
Modern Texts
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Who are the main Deities?
• Ishta Devata- A cherished deity
• Bhakti- Devotion
• Henotheism- Belief in one deity, while accepting the legitimacy of other deities
• Brahmaan- Transcendent and all permeating divine reality
But first… How do Hindus think about Deities?
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Vedic Devas
Agni
Indra
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Ancient Devas: Trimurti
Brahma
Shiva Vishnu
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Avatars of Vishnu
Krishna speaking with Arjuna
Ram, along with Sita, Lakshman, and Hanuman
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Avatars of Vishnu
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Shakti/Devi
Lakshami Parvati/Kali/Durga Saraswati
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Shakti/Devi
Manasha Kali
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Other popular deities
HanumanGanesha and Murugan
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Review of Deities
• Ishta Devata- A cherished deity
• Bhakti- Devotion
• Henotheism- Belief in one deity, while accepting the legitimacy of other deities
• Brahmaan- Transcendent and all permeating divine reality
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What are Hindu philosophical beliefs?
• Brahman• Devas as aspects of Brahman
• Cause and effect (Karma)• The cycle of reincarnation (Samsara)• Spiritual Liberation (Moksha)• Duty, Law, and Moral conduct (Dharma)
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Brahman
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The Law of Karma
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Reincarnation (Samsara) and Liberation (Moksha)
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Dharma
• Duty• Law• Morality
• Highly contextual
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Four Stages of Life
Vanaprastha- Retirement
Student lifeHouseholder
Saanyasa- Renunciation
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Orthodoxy
• Aastika, vs Naastika• Vedas• Karma
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Heterodoxy
• Reject core features like Vedas, Gods, Karma, or reincarnation
• Materialist• Atomistic• Hedonistic• Skeptical• Anti-clerical
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Pluralism
• “Truth is One, sages know it by many names” -Rig Veda
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Review of Philosophy
• Brahman• Karma• The cycle of rebirth (Samsara) and liberation
(Moksha)• Dharma is contextual• Cycle of Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy• Pluralism
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How do Hindus practice their religion?
• Following the Bhagavad Gita• Yoga, Meditation, Vegetarianism• Pursuing the Four Goals of Life• Temple and Home Prayer• Holidays• Sacred Symbols• Art as worship
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Gita’s Message
• Karma Yoga- Path of Action• Raja Yoga- Path of Self Control• Jnana Yoga- Path of Knowledge• Bhakti Yoga- Path of Devotion
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Karma Yoga- The Path of Action
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Raja Yoga- The Path of Self Control
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Jnana Yoga- The Path of Knowledge
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Bhakti Yoga- The Path of Devotion
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Four Goals of life
Dharma- Doing one’s ethical duty
Artha- Material prosperity
Kama- Pleasure
Moksha- Spiritual Liberation
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Daily practices
• Home prayer (puja/aarati) in shrines• Temple visits
• Yoga• Meditation• Vegetarianism
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Idols (Murtis)
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Divali
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Raksha Bandhan
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Holi
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Veneration through Symbols
• Om• Rivers• Bindi• Swastika• Cows
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Art as worship
• Architecture, Craftsmanship• Paintings, Sculpture• Music, Song• Dance• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prQOdTmF8u0
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Review of Hindu Practices
• Following the Bhagavad Gita• Yoga, Meditation, Vegetarianism• Pursuing the Four Goals of Life• Temple and Home Prayer• Holidays• Sacred Symbols• Art as worship
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Contemporary Issues
• Caste
• Hindutva and Communal Violence
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Varna, or Caste• Rigid or malleable?
• Assigned birth or by action?
• Subcastes (Jati)
• Reform movements
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Hindutva and Communal Violence
• Strong memory of Islamic Conquest• Modern Islamic terrorism, and persecution of
Hindus
• Communal issues
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Book recommendations
By Linda JohnsenBy Wendy Doniger
By Paramhansa YoganandaA.L. Basham
Comics from Amar Chitra Katha By Kamala
SubramaniamBy Sanjay Patel
By A. Parthasarathy