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Putting the ‘smarts’ into the Smart GridA Grand Challenge for Artificial Intelligence
(and the AIC group)Gopal Ramchurn and Alex Rogers
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The Smart Grid represents a modern vision of a dynamic electricity grid
Imagine the possibilities: electricity and information flowing together in real time, near-zero economic losses from outages and power quality disturbances, a wider array of customized energy choices, suppliers competing in open markets to provide the world’s best electric services, and all of this supported by a new energy infrastructure built on superconductivity, distributed intelligence and resources, clean power, and the hydrogen economy.
US Department of Energy (2009)
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The Smart Grid represents a modern vision of a dynamic electricity grid
Imagine the possibilities: electricity and information flowing together in real time, near-zero economic losses from outages and power quality disturbances, a wider array of customized energy choices, suppliers competing in open markets to provide the world’s best electric services, and all of this supported by a new energy infrastructure built on superconductivity, distributed intelligence and resources, clean power, and the hydrogen economy.
US Department of Energy (2009)
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We have a range of projects pursuing this vision of the smart gird
iDEaS Project: Intelligent Decentralised Energy-Aware Systems£1M industrial fundingwww.ideasproject.info
Intelligent Agents for Home Energy Management£800K EPSRC fundingwww.homeenergyagents.info
ORCHID: Human-Agent Collectives£10M EPSRC funded (+ industry)www.orchid.ac.uk
Building Banter: Human Centred Design for Energy Efficient Buidlings£100K TSB funded (project partner Arup)www.buildingbanter.info
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Some of the topics addressed in these projects cover:
• Home energy management– Optimisation of home heating
• Energy storage– Home and grid level optimisation
• Virtual Power Plants– Coalition formation between renewable generators
• Electric vehicle charge pricing– Mechanism design for allocating scarce resources
• Smart Grid Optimisation– Algorithms for Decentralised optimal dispatch
of generators• Energy feedback
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½ hour periods
2
1
0Dem
and
(kW
)
Smart Home
Macroscopic Market Model
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Developing a test site using 26 university owned homes in a single Southampton street
• All currently being refurbished.
• Installing energy metering and control:– AlertMe energy
monitoring.– Moxia DC energy hub.– Horstmann Controls
Home Energy Controller
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Pricing the charging of electric vehicle using mechanism design
• Local transformer may limit EV charging in near future
• How to price and schedule use this scarce resource?– Online mechanism design
to incentivise truthful reporting of requirement.
– Naturally prices impatience and high-charging rates.
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Formulate as a distributed constraint optimisation problem (DCOP)
Decompose DCOP to a factor graph
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Applying coalition formation to form efficient virtual power plants (VVP)
• Multiple small scale renewable generators come together to participate within the grid.– Alternatives to feed-in-tariffs– Flexible coalitions of generators
to hedge their volatile generation to participate
– Coalitions reward their members to ensure stability
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Providing Energy Feedback