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Grammar is to Meaning as the Law if to Good Behaviour
Adam KilgarriffLexical Computing Ltd
Lexicography MasterClass LtdUniversities of Leeds and Sussex
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What is grammar?
We don't need it
fire fire run quick
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Chomsky
Linguistics Distinguish grammatical from ungrammatical
He goes to the park
*He goes the park
“Starred (non-)sentences”
Competence not performance
Dominant since 1960s
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Enter the Corpus
Sample of language Newspapers
Books
Internet
Transcripts (of conversations, lectures, meetings..)
Big Lots of texts
On computer
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Rationalists and Empriricists
Descartes, Leibniz
Theory
Competence
Rules
Chomsky
Locke, Hume
Data
Performance
Statistics
...Sampson
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Sampson
“Grammar without grammaticality”
Empiricist What is found in corpora
Some things common, others less so, or absent
“the concept of 'ungrammatical' or 'ill-formed' is a delusion, based on a false conception of the kind of thing a human language is”
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Many cases
Grammatical ?????
Native speakers No problem, communicates clearly
Linguist Infringes a rule
Sampson “no strangers, only friends I haven't met yet”
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Journal: Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory
Special Issue
Sampson and responses
Sampson: mostly stronger case but
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*He goes the park.
*He goes to park the.
*He go to the park.
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Sampson No convincing answer
A response Grammaticality is a partial function
Sentences like these “Is it grammatical” is a question with an answer
Others It isn't
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How useless!
Great big question in linguistics
Partial function: non-answer
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An analogy
Grammar :: meaning
Law :: good behaviour
Meaning/communication, good behaviour Good for society
Grammar/law Systems of rules for promoting
Not a necessary condition, but they help
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Round the campfire
Fred has taken Freda's stone axe
Acceptable behaviour?
Long and heated discussion...
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Next time
Frieda has taken Bert's stone axe
Oh no ... discussion takes too long, we'll starve Rules
Define 'theft', 'property', borrowing' ...
Speeds up decision making
Reduces social burden
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Lion!
Ambiguous Past tense
we may be able to steal the kill
Present tense Run!
Grammar (verb + tense) Speeds up processing
Reduces cognitive burden
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System of rules
Language: Grammar
Society Law
Simple cases: process very fast
Complex cases Rules don't help much
Discussion/analysis still needed
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System of rules
Develops a life of its own Medieval Irish grammar
Loopholes, laws to fill them, new loopholes ...
Pressure to rationalise Invading armies
immigration
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Where the analogy ends
Law Money
Prison So we pay lawyers
Language Failed communication
Repair and fix :-(
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Summary
Grammar is to meaning as the law is to good behaviour
Systems of rules for handling common cases efficiently
Complex cases Law: pay a lawyer
Language There isn't an answer: ungrammaticality irrelevant
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History
Bible studies Literary criticism
Shakespeare concordance: 200 years ago Dictionary-making
Samuel Johnson (1754) Oxford English Dictionary
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History
Psychology How do children learn language?
Education Teaching to read Thorndike and Lorge, 1940s
• Word lists for teaching Brown corpus, 1960s, 1m words
• First modern corpus
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Corpus and dictionary Dictionary
High quality but limited in size
• might not have what you need Corpus
vast for when the dictionary does not tell you enough
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Sketch Engine Slovene, English, Chinese, other languages In use at
Ljubljana, OUP, Macmillan, CUP, Collins Many universities
Word sketches Instant web corpora
WebBootCaT
Free trial
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