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Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
- illustration of thermohaline circulation
- shows link between surface and deep circulation
- demonstrates connectivity of the world ocean
- transport of energy and biogeochemical tracers
- significant link between ocean and climate (weather)
Geography 104 - “Physical Geography of the World’s Oceans”
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• processes that change temperature (thermo) or salinity (haline) and thus density driven flow
• winter storms and rapid surface cooling
• freezing seawater and salt rejection
• sinking (vertical motion) of near-surface water
Thermohaline Circulation
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• only very small density changes are needed
• vertical velocities are small (< 1 m/day)
• downward movement at one location must be compensated by upward movement (conservation of volume)
• resulting horizontal velocities small (< 1 cm/s)
• important for sea life – oxygen moved downward
– nutrients moved upward
Thermohaline Circulation
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Water masses are defined by their T-S properties
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Movement of seawater is along isopycnal surfaces
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know there are a variety of water masses in the ocean……….
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identifiable by their T-S properties,
with the densest waters being deepest.
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Atlantic Deep Circulation
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Global Conveyor Circulation
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WinnipegLondon
50º
Climate differences: N. America vs. Northern Europe
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WinnipegLondon
50º
Climate differences: N. America vs. Northern Europe
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conveyor circulation drive:North Atlantic & Southern Ocean
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conveyor circulation drive:North Atlantic & Southern Ocean
deep water formation regions
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vapor export from North Atlantic
from Broecker (1997)
- arrows show water vapor transport in Sverdrups (x106 m3 s-1)- negative values show evaporation- ~15 cm of freshwater over entire Atlantic per year
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North Atlantic surface salinity
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North Atlantic deep water formation: North Atlantic Conveyor Drive
Curry and Mauritzen (Science, 309, 1772-1774 2005)
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North Atlantic deep water formation: North Atlantic Conveyor Drive
Curry and Mauritzen (Science, 309, 1772-1774 2005)
water mass sinking
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North Atlantic deep circulation
NADW
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http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap11/sea_ice.html
Antarctic sea ice formation: Southern Ocean Conveyor Drive
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Antarctic bottom water formation: Southern Ocean Conveyor Drive
AABW
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Southern Ocean deep circulation
AABW
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Southern Ocean Conveyor Drive
S3
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Salinity – Southern Ocean Conveyor Drive
AABW
NADW
AAIW
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Pot. Temp. – Southern Ocean Conveyor Drive
AABW
NADW
AAIW
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global Winds and PressureJuly
Westerlies
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Ekman transport
Westerlies
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Antarctic IntermediateWater formation
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temperature-salinity of deep water masses
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mixing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
NADW formation
AABW formationAAIW
formationfrom Broecker (1997)
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mixing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
NADW
salinity at 2000 m
- NADW mixes rapidly in Antarctic Circumpolar Current
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North Pacific water formation
19%
30%51%
North Pacific Deep Wateror Pacific and Indian Ocean Common Water
North Pacific Deep Water flow
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North Pacific Deep Water Formation
salinity at 2000 m
to Indian
Ocean
to Pacific
Ocean
North Pacific Deep Water flow
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SectionP18
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equator 20° N 65° S
North Pacific Deep Water along 105° W
North Pacific Deep Water
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Global Conveyor Circulation
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Global Conveyor Circulation
choke points in surface return flow
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Indonesian Throughflow
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Readings (Surface and Deep Circulation):Text Chapter 9 (pgs 165 - 189)Reader pgs. 105 – 129 (Thermohaline Circulation)