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Greece
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Geography
• Mountainous Peninsula
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The Sea
• Shaped Greek civilization
• Greeks became skilled sailors– Trade became
important• Greece lacked natural
resources
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The Land
• Mountainous– Difficult to unite– As a result…
• Independent city-states developed like– Athens and Sparta
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The Mycenaeans
• Ancestors of people from the Eurasian steppes– Settled in Greece
around 2000b.c.
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Ruled by “warrior kings”
• Became wealthy by…– Controlling local
agricultural production– Controlling commercial
trade– Conquest and plunder
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Invaded Crete
• From the Minoans (the people of Crete) the Mycenaeans…– Adapted the Minoan
writing system to the Greek language (Linear A/B)
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Homer
• Blind story-teller• Told the story of the
Illiad and the Odyssey– The Illiad was about
the Trojan War– The Odyssey was
about Odysseus’ adventures as he travelled home to Ithaca from the Trojan War.
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Greek Mythology
• Used to understand…– The mysteries of
nature– The power of human
passions
• Gods and Goddesses had human attributes– Love, hate, jealousy
Apollo—the sun god Hades—
god of the underworld
Athena—goddess of wisdom
Poseidon—god of the sea
Zeus—king of the gods
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Art, Architecture, Drama And Philosophy of Ancient
Greece
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Greek Drama
• Tragedy- features a tragic hero with extraordinary abilities and a tragic flaw to be their downfall– Sophocles – Oedipus the King, Antigone
• Comedy- scenes filled with humor or satire about customs , politics, respected people or ideas
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Greek ArchitectureInfluence on American architecture
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Greek Philosophy
• Philosophers- means “lovers of wisdom”
• Sophists- word comes from sophos (wisdom). Travel around Greece teaching wisdom, rhetoric and the art of speaking.
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
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Forms of Government in Ancient Greece
• Monarchy (Mycenae)
• Oligarchy (Sparta)
• Direct democracy (Athens)
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Greek Wars
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Phalanx
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Persian Wars
• Fought between Greece and Persian Empire
• Persians take over Ionian part of Greek territory, and Athens sends help
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Persia
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Empire
• Political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler.
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Persia-Location
• East of Mesopotamia
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Persian Government—Cyrus
• Came to power in 550BC
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Persian Government—Cyrus
• Treated conquered people fairly– Honored local
customs and religions– Allowed people to live
their lives as they had before
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Tomb of Cyrus- died 529 BC
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Persian Government—Darius
• Ruled much the same as Cyrus had
• Conquered areas of Afghanistan, India, and Egypt
• Divided Persia into 20 provinces– Called “satrapies”– Ruled by satraps
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Persia-Technology
• Roads (Royal Road)• Postal system
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Persian Religion
• Called Zoroastrianism• Good/bad spiritual armies fighting for your
soul• Gives monotheistic religions 2 major ideas:
– Final Judgment– Concept of paradise
• 2 gods:– Ahura Mazda (good)– Ahriman (bad)
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Battle of Marathon
• Persians vow to destroy Athens
• Greeks use Phalanx to beat Persians
• Persians retreat• NIKE!!!
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Battle of Thermopylae
• Xerxes tries to destroy Greece
• Come to narrow pass with 7,000 Greek soldiers and 300 Spartans
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Battle of Thermopylae
• Fought for days, until traitor told Persians about secret path around cliffs
• Spartans held pass while other Greeks retreated
• Athens has been deserted and the Persians burn the city down
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Persian Wars
• Persians were then defeated at sea
• Athens becomes the leader of the Delian League- a group of 140 city-states
• Sparta does NOT join
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Peloponnesian War
• Athens vs. Sparta• Athens-greater sea
power• Sparta-greater army
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Peloponnesian War
• Pericles- Athenian leader- wanted to avoid land battles with Sparta
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Walls of Athens
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Reasons for the Downfall of Greece
• Plague hits Athens during Peloponnesian War, Pericles dies
• Peloponnesian War weakens Greece
• Macedonia becomes threat to the north
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Hellenistic Culture
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Hellenistic
• Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures blended together
• Alexander the Great
• Alexandria, Egypt
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Science and Technology
• Pythagoras– Created Pythagorean theorem (a2+b2=c2)
• Aristarchus– Proved planets revolved around the sun
• Eratosthenes– Calculated earth’s circumference to within 1%
• Euclid– Geometry, book Elements
• Archimedes– Calculated pi