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GREEN IT AND ENVIRONMENT
SUSTAINABILITY
SEMINAR
SAURABH SWAMI
Division of Agricultural Chemicals
Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi
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Contents
Introduction
Goals of Green IT
Sustainable technology components in IT
Approaches to Green IT Green IT ArchitectureEcosystem View
Regulations and Industry Initiatives
Constraints
Conclusions
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Introduction
Information technologyaffect every aspect of modern life
Shift of our economy:
Paper based Digital information management
Tremendous demand of computers and other IT infrastructure energy consumption, heat dissemination, greenhouse emission,and resource total cost of ownership
Challenge - adopting the usage of IT in environment friendly and asustainable supply chain network
(Sabbaghi & Vaidyanathan 2012)
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Green Information Technology- Definition
The term Green IT is defined as the systematic application ofsustainability in various processes of IT management in order toreduce related emissions and waste, and to improve energyefficiency (Molla et al 2009)
Study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using and disposingof computers, servers, and associated subsystems efficiently andeffectively with minimal or no impact on environment
(Muragesan 2008)
All the activities and efforts that incorporate ecologically friendlytechnologies and processes into the entire lifecycle of informationand communication technology
(Hedwig et al 2009)
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The Goals of Green IT
Similar to green chemistry
1. Reduce the use of hazardous materials
2. Maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime3. Recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and
factory waste
Overall objective of Green IT is to increase energy efficiencyand reduce CO2emissions
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Sustainable technology components in IT
Four major components of sustainable IT technology
1. Design
2. Manufacturing
3. Usage
4. Disposal
(Murugesan 2010)
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Approaches to Green IT
Modern IT systems are complicated mix of - people, networksand hardware
Address end user satisfaction, management restructuring,
regulatory compliance, and return on investment (ROI)
There are also considerable fiscal motivations for companiesto take control of their own power consumption
(Valanju 2009)
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1. Product longevity
2. Software and deployment optimization
3. Power management
4. Materials recycling
5. Telecommuting
6. Low performance computer
Approaches to Green IT
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PC manufacturing process - 70 % of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a
PC
Fujitsus Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a desktop shows that manufacturing and
end of life accounts for the majority of this laptop ecological footprint
The biggest contribution to green IT usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime
including upgradability and modularity
Ecological footprint
Manufacturing a new PC >> Manufacturing a new RAM module to
upgrade an existing one
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Product longevity
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Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Impacts amount of computer resources required for any given IT function
Many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs
It includes :
i. Algorithmic efficiency
ii. Resource allocation
iii. Virtualization
iv. Terminal servers
Software and deployment optimization
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The average Google search releases 0.2 grams of CO
Windows 7 + Office 2010 require 70 times more memory (RAM) than Windows 98 + Office2000 to write exactly the same text or send exactly the same e-mail
Fine-grained green computing - running a program efficiently and effectively by precisepower control on each computing resources as CPU, memory, registers, peripherals, clockmanagement, and power supply
BEFORE AFTER
Program Hello World_c Program Hello World_F
Print HelloWorld\n Activity activate(menory_bank) Wake up the memory
Low_power_mode() Turn on low activate(io) and iopower mode print HelloWorld\n Activity
deactivate(menory_bank) Memory and io turn into
deactivate(io) sleep mode
(Chia & Kai 2010) low_power_mode()
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Algorithmic Efficiency
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Strategic planning - which items to fund in the plan, and what level of funding it shouldreceive
Resource leveling - to smooth resources requirements by shifting slack jobs beyondperiods of peak requirements
Scheduling of activities and resources required by them considering both the resourceavailability and the project time
(Erek 2011)
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Resource Allocation
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Wi-Fi Scheduler
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Resource Allocation
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Abstraction of computer
resources, such as the
process of running two or
more logical computersystems on one set of
physical hardware
Several physical systems
into virtual machines on
one single, powerful
system, unplugging the
original hardware and
reducing power and cooling
consumption
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Virtualization
Application ApplicationApplication
Operating
System
Operating
System
Operating
System
Virtual Infrastructure
STORAGE NETWORK NETWORK SERVERS STORAGE
(Agrawal 2013)
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When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the
actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the
operating system on the terminal
These can be combined with thin clients, which use up to 1/8 the amount of
energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and
consumption
There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to createvirtual labs
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Terminal Servers
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Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard,
allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects of
hardware
Automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set
periods of inactivity Manual adjustment of voltages supplied to the CPU to reduce both the amount of
heat produced and electricity consumed
Power management includes :
i. Data center power
ii. Operating system support
iii. Power supply
iv. Storage
v. Video card
vi. Display
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management
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Power Consumption in An Average Laptop
GREEN COMPUTING, Department of the Premier, GJPB Willemse, www.fs.gov.za
There is a trade off between heavier batteries or more expensive batteries
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A data center is a home to computational power, storage, and applications
necessary to support an enterprise business
All content is sourced from or passes through centralized data center
1.5% of US electricity consumption, is used for data center computing (EPA, 2011)
Googles data centers use 50 % less power than industry average owing to its
better cooling technologies, such as ultra-efficient evaporative cooling (Kurp 2008)
Orienting racks of servers in a data center to exhaust their heat in a uniform
direction - reduces overall cooling costs (Williams & Curtis 2008)
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management (Contd..)
Data Centre Power
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Windows 95 -> stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power state
Windows 2000 - first NT based operating system to include power management
with major changes to OS architecture and new hardware driver
Group Policy allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features
Windows 7 - more efficient user of operating system timers, processor power
management, and display panel brightness
Default High Performance power plan has been reduced with the aim of
encouraging users to save power
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management (Contd..)
Operating System Support
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Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) 7075% efficient, dissipating the
remaining energy as heat
An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80%
efficient; as drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs
All new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80%
efficient
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management (Contd..)
Power Supply
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Smaller form factor (e.g. 2.5 inch) hard disk drives consume less power than
physically larger drives
Flash based devices : No moving parts, power consumption may be reducedsomewhat for low capacity
Increase in capacity to make more data available online, including archival and
backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage
The increase in online storage has increased power consumption
Reducing the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the
benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management (Contd..)
Storage
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Smart Fan
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management (Contd..)
Storage
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A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer
Energy efficient display options include -
No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop
sharing software if display required
Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low
power
Select a GPU based on low idle power, average wattage orperformance per watt
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management (Contd..)
Video Card
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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors - use more power than LCD monitors ( also
contain lead)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors - use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb toprovide light for the display
Some newer displays using an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the
fluorescent bulb, reduces electricity consumption
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors - higher contrast and better viewing
angles than LCDs, and are predicted to replace them
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Power Management (Contd..)
Display
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Mitigate disposal problems by choosing products designed for recycling
and extending service life through upgrading
PCs that outlived their particular function can be repurposed, or donated
to various charities and non-profit organizations
Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead,
mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills
But often these computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped
to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict
(Aronson 2010)
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Materials Recycling
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Teleconferencing and telepresence - implemented in green
computing initiatives
Advantages:
i. Increased worker satisfaction
ii. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel
iii. Increased profit margins - lower overhead costs for office
space, heat, lighting, etc
Average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is 23kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and
lighting accounting for 70% of energy consumed
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Telecommuting
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Several personal computer vendors (e.g.Everex, Linutop, Systemax, Zonbu and
OLPC) ship dedicated low-power PCs
Provide minimal hardware peripherals and low performance processors
Not suitable for applications requiring a lot of processing power (computer gaming
and video production)
A low power PCs is usually much smaller than traditional desktop
The limited capacity for upgrades, low performance and proprietary may lead to
shorter life spans and greater difficulty in repair
Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)
Low Performance PCs
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Green IT
Solutions
DataCentre
Clients
Business
Impacts
Regulatory
Business
Public
Metrics
Pollution
Operations
Perception
Green IT ArchitectureEcosystem View
(Williams & Curtis 2008)
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Regulations and Industry Initiatives
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) survey of over 90 government and industry initiatives on"Green ICTs
Initiatives concentrate on greening ICTs rather than on their actualimplementation to tackle global warming and environmentaldegradation
Only 20% of initiatives have measurable targets
The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to includestricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, alongwith a tiered ranking system for approved products.
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Regulations and Industry Initiatives
In 2001, the Indian government introduced the Energy ConservationAct to enforce strict policies for energy consumption and supply
Failure to comply with the act would result in penalties of up to tenthousand rupees for each failure
In the case that an organization continues to be non-compliant,additional penalties would be charged up to one thousand rupees foreach day it remains non-compliant (Feretic 2008)
In 2002, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive wasintroduced for all EU member states restricting the use of hazardousmaterial in electronics and promoting proper recycling of electronicequipment (Clancy 2010)
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Energy Star Energy Star is an international standard for energy efficient
consumer products originated in the US
Adopted by many other countries
Devices carrying the Energy Star logo, such as computer productsand peripherals generally use 20%30% less energy
Energy star specification differ for each item
Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)
www.energystar.gov
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Energy Star items include-
1. Computers
2. Servers
3. Appliances
4. Heating and cooling systems
5. Home electronics
6. Imaging equipment
Gives power consumption specifications for different hardware
states: idle, sleep and standby modes
Energy Star
www.energystar.gov
Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)
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Non-profit, open industry consortium of end-users, policy-
makers, technology providers, facility architects, and utility
companies
To improve the resource efficiency of data centers and
business computing ecosystems
More than 170 member companies around the world
Seeks to unite global industry efforts, create a common set of
metrics, and develop technical resources and educational
tools to further its goals
www.thegreengrid.org
Green Grid
Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)
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Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is an effort to
reduce the electric power consumption of PCs in active and
inactive states
Provides a catalog of green products from its member
organizations, and information for reducing PC power
consumption
Source: CSCI white paper, 2007
CSCI
Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)
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The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) program,
is a comprehensive environmental rating that helps greener computer and
electronic equipment
Created in 2001, EPEAT's registry has grown to 2,074 products from 49manufacturers worldwide
EPEAT identifies its registered products as bronze, silver or gold based on
fulfillment of different criteria
EPEAT
Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)
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Green IT : Constraints
Corporate sustainability efforts are missing the mark
Companies making limited progress in making IT programs moresustainable
Most lack holistic policies for promoting all 4 cornerstones ofsustainable computing: extended lifecycles, energy efficiency,utilization and reuse and responsible recycling
Even those that have good policies lack the governance to monitoroperations
Companies with > 100,000 employees scored the highest
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Green IT : Constraints
Five steps to make green computing programs more
sustainable:
i. Establish baseline
ii. Review and revise policies
iii. Extend desktop and laptop lifecycles
iv. Optimize utilization
v. Create accountability
Source: Green Computing More Hype than Reality, Industry week, 2009
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Conclusions
Green computing is a novel and an innovative trend in the world of
computing which has minimum or no impact on the environment
Green computing has introduced a range of equipments and
technologies which help in limiting the impact on the environment
A sustainable approach towards Green IT not only emphasizes on its
efficient use but the entire life cycle from design to disposal
IT systems are mix of people, networks and hardware, therefore
apart from various technological interventions green IT initiatives
should involve all the stakeholders of the IT industry
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Thank You