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Ruimteconferentie | 2011Roterdam
PBL Netherlands Environamental Assessment AgencyAlexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto
19|04|2011
A framework of indicator system for evaluation of green spaces in metropolitan regions. The case of Randstad, Netherlands
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Presentation Structure
•Introduction • Research Context
•Indicators
•Research Method
•Analyses of the results• Statiscal indicators• Statiscal versus spatial indicators• Acessibility• Concurrence• Environmental Quality• Perception and use by inhabitants
•Conclusions and Recomendations
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Research Context
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Why metropolitan green?
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LocalUrbanM e t r o p o l i t a n
- large green spaces between the cities- urban green areas
"metropolitan green space"
Randstad = "network city“
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Why metropolitan green?
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A lot of research about sustainability indicators, but very few look at the cross relationships between form, spatial context, and social factors, and at different spatial levels.
Which criteria can be used to chose adequate indicators from the huge amount of possible
indicators?
method that combines indicators for quantity, quality and usability
monitoring, evaluation and planning metropolitan green spaces
Difference between statistical and spatial indicators?
How the results of this research can be used by PBL for policy evaluation and advise?
Which selection of indicators will be adequate to support our "research philosophy"?
Quantitative versus qualitative indicators?
Are indicators useful? When yes and when not?
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research questions
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Limitations
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Indicators
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• An indicator is something that helps you understand where you are, which way you are going and how far you are from where you want to be. Saramento et al. (2000)
• Good indicators present information in a clear and usable form at the right time to those who need it (BOYD, 1997).
• Bell at al. (2000) defined indicator as a measure against which some aspects of policy performance can be assessed.
INDICATORS ARE INFORMATION TOOLS
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definitions
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limited value of quantitative norms and indicators
complex nature of green spaces (urban context)
partial picture of the function of green areas for both recreation as for other aspects of urban livability such as climate and health improvement.
amount of green surface
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Criticism of quantitative norms
- quality- equipment for
leisure and recreation
- design
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500m = not realistic any more
hierarchic system of standards
75m2 per dwelling in newly built areas
social and demographic composition of the housing areas
Neighborhood
Quarter
DistrictCity
Urban Forest
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011
different functional levels on different spatial scale
Criticism of quantitative norms
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Distance, size, type of green space, and the possibility to conduct certain activities, are the most important variables influencing people’s preferences. (Ponje and Timmermans, Technological University of Eindhoven, Greenspace Project, 2005).
quantitative norms
planning practice
large scale analyses (national or regional level)
local level (in combination with qualitative indicators, experts judgment and users opinion).
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Quantity vs. Quality
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“People do not use city open space just because it is there and because city planners or designers wish they would “
J. Jacobs, 1963
Visitors prefer parks containing many qualities. (Berggren-Bärring and Grahn, 1995)
Cities have different methods of classification of green spaces and their own way of monitoring, planning, developing and maintaining green areas
how to evaluate and compare cities?
Preferences of inhabitants (Belevingswaardemonitor PBL, 2009)
physical characteristics
qualitative research
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Use and Perception
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Research Method
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Literature Review Spatial analyses (ArcGis)
Research philosophy
Selection of indicators Quantity
Quality
Use and perception
CategoriesGeneral indicators
Proximity and Accessibility
Barriers and entrances
Attractiveness
Environmental
Social aspects
- research time
- database
Randstad Amsterdam
Application
public green spaces
Analyses and discussion
Conclusions and recommendations
Metropolitan/Urban
Urban/local
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research Method
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research philosophy
Physical Character
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of the cities borders
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1600m
Neighborhood(>1ha)
Quarter(1‐5ha)
District(5‐30ha)
City(30‐300ha)
Large Natural Areas
400m 800m 3200m 10.000m
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of categories of green spaces
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of categories of green spaces
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Results
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011
% of public green in relation to total urban area
Statistical indicators
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Green categories
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Green Spaces/dwelling (m2)
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00
AMSTERDAM
DEN HAAG
ROTERDAM
UTRECHT
city
district
quarter
neighborhood
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011
m2 public green per dwelling/inhabitant: per city
Green Spaces/inhabitant (m2)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
AMSTERDAM
DEN HAAG
ROTERDAM
UTRECHT
city
district
quarter
neighborhood
Statiscal indicators
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Statiscal vs. spatial indicators
% of inhabitants that have access to only 5 green category
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility
Coverage
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility
Concurrence of quarter category
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility
Concurrence of district category
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility
Concurrence of city category
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility
Concurrence on all functional levels
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality
Air Pollution –PM10 (mg/m3)
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality
Green Spaces affected by PM10
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality
Green Spaces affected by Black Smoke
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality
Green Spaces affected by Black Smoke
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality
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Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Perception and use by inhabitants
Local Scale – Inhabitants' options from Amsterdam
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Conclusions
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• On metropolitan level provision of green spaces for recreation is much higher in the fringe formed by the cities then in the Green hart
• Capacity of Green hart for recreation is low:– It is not accessible– The network of biking and hiking paths is much less dense that in
the dunes and Heuvelrug
• Generally G4 cities are well covered with a variety of accessible green areas
• But, the best provided areas are in the periphery of the G4 cities while city centers (most populated areas) have less green spaces and they are also smaller qua size
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011
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• Analyses of accessibility show the most important deficiencies of green spaces for recreation appears on the lowest functional level – urban neighborhood and urban quarter.
• Functional levels sometimes do not correspond with the way people use green spaces (example of Vondelpark and Westerpark)
• Environmental quality is in the Netherlands not an important precondition for use and perception of quality of green spaces (example of Amsterdamse bos)
• The method of this research can be applied for:– comparison of different cities– detection of problematic areas within one city– to define priorities, where green is lacking is easily visible– to define policy goals on different scale levels
Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011