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Growing Peas and LentilsGrowing Peas and Lentils Key Growth Stages
Kent McKay, NCRECArea Extension AgronomistArea Extension Agronomist
Minot, ND
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Pea and Lentil Growth StagesPea and Lentil Growth Stages
SeedSeedGermination considerationsGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentDesiccating Considerations
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Pea SeedPea Seed
Larger compared to most cropsLarger compared to most cropsAverage 2000 seeds per pound
range 1600 to 2500 seeds/lbg
Seed doubles in volume during the first 2 days of germination
Requires 3X the moisture for germination compared to small grains
38°F minimum temperature for germination
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Pea SeedPea Seed
38°F minimum temperature for germination38 F minimum temperature for germination
Soil temperature and days to emergence:p y g38°F - 45°F: 17 to 21 days to emerge45°F - 50°F: 14 to 17 days to emergey g50°F - 55°F+: 10 to 14 days to emerge
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Lentil SeedLentil Seed
“Lens-shaped” thus the name lentilLens shaped thus the name lentilAverage seeds per pound
Range from 6,000 to 12,000 seeds/lbg , ,
Requires similar moisture requirements for germination as small grains41°F minimum temperature for germination
Requires slightly warmers soil temps for germination compared to peas
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Lentil SeedLentil Seed
41°F minimum temperature for germination41 F minimum temperature for germination
Soil temperature and days to emergence:p y g41°F - 45°F: 17 to 21 days to emerge45°F - 50°F: 14 to 17 days to emergey g50°F - 55°F+: 10 to 14 days to emerge
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Pea and Lentil GerminationPea and Lentil Germination
“Hypogeal” germinationHypogeal germinationGrowing point/cotyledons stay with the seed piece
Often described as a numeral “node” stage or by “inches high”
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Pea and Lentil GerminationPea and Lentil Germination
Cotyledons and 1st node are with the seedCotyledons and 1 node are with the seed piece
2nd and 3rd nodes usually stay below the ground y y gand act as axillary buds
t d th1st true leaf actually is the 3rd or 4th node; however, it’s called the 1st vegetative node
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Pea and Lentil Growth StagesPea and Lentil Growth Stages
1st node/leaf stage: gDepends on soil temps usually 14 days
2nd node/leaf stage and after: every 4 to 5 days
Important for frost, herbicide application, rolling, N fixation, etc.N fixation, etc.
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Key Pea Growth StagesKey Pea Growth Stages
2nd leafor 2nd nodeor 2 node
1st leafor 1st node
-------------------------------------Scale bud
Cotyledons
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Key Growth StagesKey Growth Stages
Each leaf stage can be gidentified as a node stage as well
Ex 1st leaf stage
4th node
Ex. 1st leaf stage =1st vegetative node stage
d
3rd node
-----------------------------------1st node
2nd node
Scale buds
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Frost ToleranceFrost Tolerance
Peas: 19 - 23°FPeas: 19 23 FCan withstand extremely cold temperatures, especially between the 1st an 5th node stagesy g
Lentils: 25°FNot as frost tolerant as peasSimilar to canola, however, the lentil growing
i t i b l th dpoint is below the ground
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Severe Frost Damage CasesSevere Frost Damage Cases
What to expect?What to expect?If leaves are killed and the stem is wilted
1 – 5 node stage: quick recovery from1 5 node stage: quick recovery from underground axillary buds7th node stage or beyond:
Ab t 40 d ft l tiAbout 40 days after plantingPlant will most likely die for axillary bud initiation will most likely not occur for the plant is moving into the
d ti t Ab t 15 t 20 d freproductive stages. About 15 to 20 days from flowering
Need temps in the low 20’s in early, mid-June?2004 Twice: June 18 and June 25
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Herbicide ConsiderationsHerbicide Considerations
Node (leaf) stages important for mostNode (leaf) stages important for most broadleaf herbicides Basagran: contact herbicideBasagran: contact herbicide
At least 4 nodes
Pursuit/RaptorPrior to the five node stagePrior to the five node stage
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Rolling Peas/LentilsRolling Peas/Lentils
Prior to emergence:Prior to emergence:Recommended only in a high residue or no-till cropping systempp g y
After emergence:Any cropping systemHeavy soil types
P 1 5 d t 1 t 4 i h hi hPeas 1 - 5 node stage, 1 to 4 inches high After 7 node stage:
stand reduction and yield reduction can occurstand reduction and yield reduction can occur
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F ili R d iFertility Recommendations
Nodulation/N fixation begins at the 3 to 4 node stage
Approximately 3 weeks after plantingApproximately 3 weeks after plantingN fixation only occurs for only 4 to 5 weeks so every week countsIf N fixation has not occurred by the 5th node stage
First, need to determine Why?Still time for a N rescue treatment if neededStill time for a N rescue treatment if needed
N needs by the plant reach maximum at flowering
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Desiccating Peas and LentilsDesiccating Peas and Lentils
Gramo one Ma (Paraq at)Gramoxone Max (Paraquat)Glyphosate: not a “true” desiccant
O l id ti h ld b f i lOnly consideration should be for perennial weed control
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Ad antages in DesiccationAdvantages in Desiccation
Dr ines for e en har estingDry vines for even harvestingNeed even, mature cropDry down troublesome weedsDry down troublesome weeds
Wild buckwheat, kochiaUsually a quality decision (Green peas)Usually a quality decision (Green peas)
Standing peas usually will dry more rapidly and generally retain better seed qualityand generally retain better seed quality (less bleach) than peas in a swath
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Concerns With DesiccatingPeas and Lentils
E en ripening of the field is er importantEven ripening of the field is very importantCan be a tough decision when to spray
2004 uneven ripening made spraying difficult2004 uneven ripening made spraying difficultImmature/green seed will cause quality issues, discountsissues, discounts
Lentils have more indeterminate growth compared to peas
Uneven ripening, low areas green, hilltops ripeSwathing better choice if that’s the case
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Crop Staging for DesiccatingCrop Staging for Desiccating
PeasPeas80% to 90% of the pods have turned yellow to tan-ripe coloryellow to tan-ripe colorTop pods should have turned from a dark green color to a limey-green colorg y g
Seed should be firm when pressedWith yellow peas; seed should have a light
/ ll lgreen/yellow color
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Crop Staging for DesiccatingCrop Staging for Desiccating
Lentils:Lentils:75% of the pods should be yellow to ripeTop pods should have turned from a darkTop pods should have turned from a dark green color to a limey-green color
Seed should be firm when pressedIf d d th id blIf sprayed and there are a considerable percentage of green pods/green seeds significant grade discounts will most likely occurAbout a 7 to 10 days later than a normal swathing date
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Desiccating Peas and LentilsDesiccating Peas and Lentils
Gramo one Ma 1 ½ pints/acreGramoxone Max: 1 ½ pints/acre 20 gallons of water preffered7 day PHI7 day PHI
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Gl phosate When and WhereGlyphosate When and Where
Perennial eed controlPerennial weed controlNeed even, mature cropDry down troublesome weedsDry down troublesome weedsWild buckwheat, kochia
Usually a quality decision (Green peas)Usually a quality decision (Green peas)Standing peas usually will dry more rapidly and generally retain better seed qualityand generally retain better seed quality (less bleach) than peas in a swath
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QuestionsQuestions