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Guidance for Designing Blended Courses
Andrew Black, University of UtahGlenn LeBlanc, University of Maine System
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The Distance that Really Matters
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Combination of:
On-site and online
Synchronous and asynchronous
“Best of both worlds” (Dziuban, Hartman and Moskal 2004)
“Thoughtful integration” (Garrison and Kanuka 2004)
Blended learning
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Motivation
Real-world problems
Application / integration of new knowledge
Avoid information overload
Reflection
Good learning environments
Cooperation
Multiple perspectives
Critical debate
Open dialogue
Others?
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No student engagement
Surface-level engagement
In-class activities replicate online activities
Focus on credentials rather than learning
Other effects?
Blended Gone Bad
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Promoting Understanding
Online /Asynchronous
Online /Asynchronous
On site /Synchronous
Understanding
Build Strengthen Use
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Basic facts, concepts, principles, axioms, theories…
Reflection, practice, feedback, remediation, assessment
Chunking and cognitive load
“Learning objects”: audio, video, text, manipulables/simulations, self assessments
Arthur C. Clarke: “Any teacher that can be replaced by a machine should be.”
1. Building Understanding
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“Overall … promoting self-reflection, self-
regulation and self-monitoring leads to more
positive online learning outcomes. Features such
as prompts for reflection, self-explanation and
self-monitoring strategies have shown promise
for improving online learning outcomes.”
U.S. Department of Education meta-analysis
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“…positive effects for techniques such as prompts that
encourage students to assess their level of understanding or
set goals for what they will learn whereas mechanisms such
as guiding questions or advance organizers had mostly null
results. … In a related vein, there is some evidence that
online learning environments with the capacity to
individualize instruction to a learner’s specific needs
improves effectiveness.”
-- U.S. Department of Education. Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in
Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies.
September 2010.
Metacognition
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Elaboration / making connections
Finding and sharing
alternative explanations
examples and non-examples
Move toward complexity / transfer
Benefit of multiple sources
2. Strengthening Understanding
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“The ability to solve very complex and ill-structured problems
requires that students learn to think differently than they normally
do in classrooms and training sessions, where they focus on
memorization and comprehension. Students are unable to solve ill-
structured problems because they cannot think flexibly enough.
Throughout their education, they are taught only one point of view:
that of their teachers. If students comprehend that point of view
well enough to pass the quiz or exam, they are rewarded with a
good grade.”
- Jonassen, D.H. (2004) Learning to Solve Problems. An Instructional Design Guide. San
Francisco: Pfeiffer.
Problems Everywhere…
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Discussion and perspective sharing
Creation of new works
Ill-structured problem solving
Cognitive flexibility
Authentic experience and assessment
Teachers vs. machines (Arthur C. Clark revisited)
3. Putting Understanding to Use
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Managing the Mixed Environment
Andrew Black, Ph.D.
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Mixed/Hybrid/Blended Learning
Mixed/Hybrid/Blended learning can mean many things. For example: An online class which meets at least once in a
traditional classroom setting An on-ground course which submits all work
electronically and engages in classroom discussions through an LMS
A traditional on-ground class mixed with distance students attending live through videoconferencing, webconferencing or video streaming
A combination of on-ground, online, web and videoconferencing in the same live class setting
What other examples do you have?
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The Mixed Classroom
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Web and Videoconferencing Together
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Challenges Challenges exist in managing both the classroom
AND the technology at the same time
Live in-class as well as live distance students by video
Live web-conferencing, sharing PPT, desktop and applications
Live chat monitoring and responding
Holding in-class activities that engage both the on-ground and distance students equally
Engaging with the distance students equally with the traditional students
Group work
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What do you do… If the students are required to give
presentations, both local and distance?
If one or more of the technologies fails?
Audio
Video
Webconferencing
Desktop/application sharing
Multimedia such as YouTube or other videos
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Attention to Students
Mixed classroom with synchronous videoconferencing
Raised hands can be seen, students engaged, but teachers must discipline themselves to watch the screens too
Webconferencing with limited video feeds makes this more difficult
Webconferencing systems enable:
Desktop, application and multimedia sharing
Live chat features
Live whiteboard capabilities
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Other Methods Additional options:
Have more than one instructor assigned to the class so that one can lecture and the other can run the technology/monitor the webconferencing classroom
Employ a TA or assign a student for each class session to manage the technology allowing the teacher to focus on teaching
Employ a technician to ensure the classroom is set up and running before each session, and is available for immediate response in the case of a system failure
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Group Work How do you do group work in a mixed
classroom?
Generally, distance students work in a group while local students are broken in to groups as well
Technology limitations for mixing distance and local students in workgroups during a live class.
Using webconferencing systems, breakout rooms can be set up for distance and local students to chat and engage in group activities.
Distance and local students benefit from mixed engagement
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What is the Goal? Ultimately, the need/demand for mixed classroom
environments varies:
Institutional and student needs
Availability of funds and technology support (or lack thereof…)
Making the distance classroom simulate the traditional classroom: “…there is some evidence that online learning environments with
the capacity to individualize instruction to a learner’s specific needs improves effectiveness.” -- U.S. Department of Education. Evaluation of Evidence-Based
Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies. September 2010.
How do student learning needs factor in?
What about the students’ comfort levels with technology?