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Graduate School ofManagement
MANUAL FOR MBAPROJECT WRITING
Prepared by GSM-MMU
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GUIDELINES FOR MBA FINAL PROJECT (BMP7164)
1. INTRODUCTION
MBA students are required to take this module. They will gain 8 credits under this
module. Therefore, it affects the CGPA. Hence, it is the critical module in MBA
Programme.
2. OPPORTUNITIES
This module enables MBA students to develop interest and enhance their expertise in the
area which they have profound implications in their later endeavours.
Therefore, it is not only an academic requirement but also: An opportunity for authentic, inexpensive consultancy service for a sponsoring
organisation;
The change can provides a beneficial impact to employ the MBA graduates
Simple advice from The GSM make the most out of it.
3. OBJECTIVES
The aim of this module is to provide the opportunity to conduct an extended systematic
enquiry under supervision into a business area where the MBA students are interested in.More specifically,
Consolidation of the skills and competencies acquired in MBA;
Experience the application of analytical skills in the practical business situations
To success in the course, MBA students have to demonstrate two broad abilities: analyses and
syntheses, in ways appropriate to choose and solve the research problems. This requires the
students to extract and dissect the essential elements of the situation and to integrate information
and opinions through the framework of the researcher's own judgements and viewpoints. Theseabilities must be demonstrated at a level of sophistication at least equivalent to that expected in
other graduate papers.
4. COURSE DESCRIPTION
The key features of the project work under this course is, the MBA students have to
conduct a research in their sponsoring organisation. Sponsoring organisation proposes to
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solve a problem it faced in the specialised area. The report should suggest a course
action, the need for which has been identified during the course of the research.
It might be no 'problem' to be solved in the beginning of the research. You might have no
idea if the problems exist in the organisation where you are conducting the research
unless you are asked to deal with one or you look for one.
On the other hand, the research may concern not with diagnosing or solving the
problems, but with the feasibility of establishing new or proposed products, services,approaches or new ventures. It may, in other words, require you to be involved in
research for which there is not present basic or precedents to serve as a set of guidelines.
Whatever is in the project you to undertake, you must make sure it contributes to
knowledge.
5. THEORY VERSUS PRACTISE IN RESEARCH
From what has been written above you may gain the impression that there are two
distinct "types" of research for both theoretical and practical. All research embodieselements of theoretical and practical application.
6. INVOLVEMENT
Project should be carried out individually. A project conducted for candidate's sponsoring
organisation has the advantage of:
Putting something back into the organisation; Being able to relate (on the job) to the people and information
The project experience may directly contribute to the candidates present or potential
career aspirations.
7. DEADLINES
There are four key deadlines to meet - the initial proposal, the first meeting with
supervisor, the submission of the final draft, the submission of the final report.
At the commencement of the research effort, the deadlines will be set, betweensupervisor and students.
8. RESEARCH PROPOSALS
The first steps in the process of developing the research report is to identify a topic- what
is that you or your organisation would like focus on.
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Typical research topics would include:
A strategic plan for an existing or new organisation
A business plan for a new venture (separate from any business plan required for
others papers)
A piece of market research Developing and implementing a new product or service
Identifying, analysing and then solving a significant organisational problem
Introduction of quality management programmes
Attitude surveys of customers, staff or clients
Cultural audit and cultural changes
Note: Any research proposal must be approved by the GSM, Multimedia University
9. SUPERVISION
The course objectives are to identify the personal supervision of one senior Multimedia
University academic staff, who is referred to as the Chief Supervisor. And where
necessary and appropriate, a co-supervisor may also be appointed to supervise the
student's project. The Chief Supervisor has an overall and continuing responsibility for aproject and co-ordinates the relationship between the individual / group and the
supervisor and the agency hosting the research. The chief supervisor has an overall and
continuing responsibility for a project and co-ordinates the relationship between the
individual/ group and the supervisor and the agency hosting the research. The chiefsupervisor acts as the examiner of the final report. The co-supervisor is invited to submit
a grade, which is taking into account of the letter in determining, by the final grade by theDean in the consultation of the MBA co-ordinator. In exceptional circumstances, a senior
staff member from other universities may be appointed as a research supervisor.
Since supervisor is the key ingredient in this course, it is important for you to identifytwo supervisors as soon as possible. The procedures are as follows:
You will be provided with a list of staff members in the university who are available
for project supervision.
You might, if you wish, suggest two staff members from the list provided to have theareas of expertise nearest report topic.
Complete the proposed topic and supervision proforma as per Appendix 1 and send it
to the MBA co-ordinator not later than the last day or line scheduled Business Policy
section.
On the receipt of the Research Report proposal, the MBA co-ordinator will:
Approve the topic or amend it and will contact with you for further information.
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Please note the following:
There is a limit to the number of Research Report topics any individual staff member
can adequately supervise at any time.
Should a supervisor suggested by a student is not available, another supervisorconsidered suitable will be proposed by the GSM, Multimedia University
The final decision on supervision will be made by the GSM, Multimedia University
TEN STEPS IN MANAGING A STUDENT PROJECT
1. Select the area, which you are interested in or the area which, you can handle it and
competent. Begin the task of encapsulating your topic in one simple question. Your task
of encapsulating your topic in one simple question. Your task in the project will be toanswer to that question fully.
2. Check with your supervisors that the area you have chosen is suitable. Negotiate what isrequired for acceptance of the finished report. That is, what are the normal expectations
about the research activity, which will answer the question, you are asking yourself. What
is the appropriate length for the kind of assignment you have set yourself? What are theconstraints applying to the project (e.g. time, scope of what do you want to do, costs, etc).
Do bear in mind that you must be able to complete the project with the time available.
3. Narrow your area of interest to a specific topic. Finalise the specific research question
you intend to answer. There should be inherently one major question in each researchproject. Projects lacking this one question often from problems of definition and focus.
(However, finalising this specific question does not prevent you from later changing thedirection of your project as you progress with it, in response to new or unforeseen
developments).
4. Write an initial research plan of the approach you will follow in answering your question.
Get your supervisor to comment on this.
5. Survey the literature relevant to your topic. Remember it is a rare piece of research whichhas no antecedents or which takes place in isolation. You should try to see your project in
relationship to what are the probably numerous other similar studies that have beencarried our before. Find information that helps you to understand how your study fits intothe literature of the area.
If you are through in your research you will almost certainly find that there is more thanone literature of relevance to what you want to do. However, for the purposes of this
paper you need show familiarity with only one.
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Remember that literature searching takes time, and assuming you are using the Malaysian
Library at a distance, give their staff plenty of time to help you find the material you
need. Recall too that if you have to obtain books or journal articles from elsewhere usingMMU library inter-loan network, each request can take several weeks.
6. Now that you have some idea of other, similar projects, re-think your approach in the
light of what you have learned. If necessary, rewrite your research plan and show it to
your supervisors. Think again about the validity (and practicalities) of what you haveplanned. Can your questions in fact be answered by a research project of this nature? Are
your really able to do it with the time available?
7. If your answer to these questions is yes, now is the time to rewrite your research plan inmore detail and send it to your supervisor for comment.
8. Once your plan is approved, start to work on the project itself. Often it is helpful to create
schedule of the activities you have to complete and the time you available. Estimate howlong each activity will take, add another 50% as a safety margin, and allocate time to
each item accordingly.
9. Prepare a draft outline of the sections of the report. As you do the research, try to write
parts of each these sections as you go. This helps you to keep an overview of the entireproject and avoid getting to wrap up in any one aspect to the detriment of whole.
10. As soon as it is clear how the final report is going to look, send a draft copy of it to your
supervisors for comments. Make corrections and changes as required. Complete thereport and send it in, in final typed form.
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MBA FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROCEDURES
Listed below are the procedures for the final year project. Kindly follow the steps as below:
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3 Step 4
Step 5 Step 6
Step 7 Step 8
Step 9
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Complete 13 modulesand pass with CGPA of
3.00
Consult a lecturer anddraft out the proposal.
Submit your MBA FinalProject Registration form
to GSM.
Received Pre-Approvalletter
You may start to work
on your project with the
topic and the
recommended supervisor
Submit the Approval of
Title form at least 2
months before
submission deadline
Received Approval letter Proceed with final
tuning, Englishchecking, plagiarism
checking and binding
Submit your final project to GSM together with the following
documents:1) Completed Project Submission Form2) Copy of the Approval Letter
3) 3 bound copies of the MBA project and 2 C.D.s
4) a copy of online result5) Industrial Training Log Book
or
Confirmation letter of 2 years working experience(Fulltime student only)
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SPECIFICATIONS FOR RESEARCH PROJECT
Number of Copies
A student is required to submit the research project in the following format: three bound copies,1 cd in PDF format to the GSM office. All research projects must be submitted within the given
deadline
Language of Research Project
All Research Projects must be prepared in English
Typeface and Font SizeTypeface to be used is Times New Roman. The same typeface should be used throughout the
thesis. Font size of 12 point should be used for the main body of the text, which should not be
script or italic. A laser or other high quality printer is recommended.
Paper
High quality bong paper A4 size, 80b/m2 must be used for all the submitted copies. The papershould be white in colour, acid free and "non-erasable" kind.
CorrectionsCorrections of typographical errors, or changes in the text, figures or tables, must be made as
cleanly and invisibly as possible. Correction fluid cannot be used. Corrections should be made on
the original before recopying or reprinting the problem page.
Margins and Spacing
The margin on the document must measure according to the below specifications:
i) top - 20 mmii) Left - 40 mm
iii) Bottom - 40 mm
iv) Right - 25 mm
Text should be typed, one and a half-spaced, on one side of the paper only. All information
excluding page numbers must be within the text area. All typing, print, illustrations, etc should
be on one side of the paper only.
Abstract and bibliography should be typed, one and a half-spaced, and be double-space between
entries.
Pagination
Page numbers are to be placed at least 15 mm from the edge of the page at the bottom centre ofthe page.
Every page except the title must be numbered. Title page is "I" but is not numbered.
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Preliminary pages are to be numbered in lower case Roman numerals (ii, iii, iv etc); the text page
ate to be numbered in Arabic numerals and all pages must be numbered consecutively andcontinuously, irrespective of volumes.
Covers and BindingThe Research Project should be bound in colour light blue (CODE: 547) with Bachrom type.
Typeface to be used is Times New RomanFont size to be used for:
Front Cover of the Thesis (Appendix A)
Title of thesis: 18 and should be in uppercase
Name of candidate, degree awarded and year of thesis submission: 18 should be in uppercase.Direction of lettering - run from the top of spine
Photographs
Photographs should be black and white whenever possible possible. Pages containingphotographs should be numbered as regular pages. When photopgraphs are to be used, they are
to be scanned. Using tape, glue or any type of adhesive to insert photographs is not acceptable.Pages with photographs should be copied on a colour photocopier.
Non-paper formatsLabel for CD includes:
i. Author's name
ii. Degree date
iii. Copyright noticeiv. Operating system
v. Density
vi. Hardware required (if appropriate)
* All disks should be write-protected
RESEARCH PROJECT PREPARATION
Format
The Research Project should have three sections: the preliminary pages or the front matter, thetext or the body matter, and the references or back matter.
The PRELIMINARY PAGES include:a. Blank page
b. Title page
c. Copyright Paged. Declaration
e. Acknowledgements
f. Dedication
g. Abstract
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h. Table of Contents
i. List of Tables
j. List of Figures, Illustration, etck. Preface
The TEXT should normally be divided into chapters such as:a. Introduction
b. Review of Literature
c. Method of Investigationd. Analysis of Data
e. Discussions and Conclusions
The REFERENCES consists of:a. Appendices
b. References
c. Glossary
d. Notese. Index
f. Bibliographyg. Blank page
The various pages in a thesis should normally be arranged in the following manner:a. Blank page
b. Title page (Counted as lower-case Roman numeral "i" but not numbered)
c. Copyright page (always numbered lower-case Roman numberal "i")
d. Declaration (numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)e. Acknowledgements (if any; numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)
f. Dedication (if any; numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)
g. Abstract (numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)h. Table of Contents (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral)
i. List of Tables (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral)
j. List of Figures (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral(s))k. Preface (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral(s))
l. Text (including introduction; first page always numbered with Arabic numeral "1"; pages
numbered consecutively)
m. Appendices (if any; Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)n. References (Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)
o. Glossary (Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)
p. Notes (If any; Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)q. Index (If any; Arabic numeral, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)
r. Bibliography (Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)
s. Blank page
PRELIMINARY PAGES
Title Page
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The form and contents of the title page must follow the format of the example given in Appendix
C. Title should be capitalised. The month and year cited on the title page are the month and year
of Research Project submission. The title page is counted as page "i", however, the number is notprinted.
DeclarationPlease refer to the format (Appendix D)
Acknowledgement (if any)This is a brief acknowledgement of assistance given to the author in researching and writing the
thesis. Its page is numbered with a consecutive lower-case Roman numeral. Typeface to be used
is Times New Roman and the font size is 12.
Dedication (if any)
Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font sizr is 12.
AbstractThis is a summary of the thesis, which will state the problem, the methods of investigation and
the general conclusion. An abstract should be approximately 300 words. Line spacing is one anda half spacing. Double spacing for the next paragraph. Typeface to be used is Times New Roman
and the font size is 12.
Table of Contents
This must include entries for preliminary pages (copyright, abstract, dedication,
acknowledgement, lists of tables and figures, and preface), text (main divisions and subdivisions
of the thesis), appendices, notes, references and index. Typeface to be used is Times New Romanand the font size is 12. (Appendix F)
List of FiguresFigures (i.e graphs, photographs and other illustrative material) are to be listed on a separate
page. Number, title and page are to be given. Figures must be numbered in Arabic numerals
consecutively. (Fig 1,2,3 or 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc) in order of appearance and captioned. Typeface tobe used is Times New Roman and the font size is 12. (Appendix G)
Preface
This is a brief explanatory statement of why the author came to study the subject of the thesis.Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font size is 12.
TextThe first page of the text is always numbered Arabic numeral "1". Typeface to be used is Times
New Roman and the font size is 12. Text contains the chapters of the thesis, in logical order, and
should normally include:
a) Introduction
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This section should include background of the research, research questions, justification for
the research, methodology, outline of the thesis, definitions, scope and key assumptions, and
conclusion.b) Literature review
c) Methodology of Investigation
d) Data Analysise) Discussion and Conclusion
Table and IllustrationsA table and illustrations should be self-explanatory and complete in itself. Its form should be an
effective and concise arrangement of the data, centred in the space available. The table and
illustration should appear if mentioned in the text and only after they are mentioned. Every table
and illustration should have a title, which is brief, clear, complete and unique.
The title of a table and an illustration always appear above the table. If the table contains cited
data, acknowledgement is given in a source note using the words SOURCE followed by a colon.
If the style or data are rearranged, extended, or deleted, acknowledgement is given in a sourcenote using the words, ADAPTED FROM followed by a colon. The samples can be referred in
Appendix H.
REMINDER
The last paragraph of any should comprise at least two lines of text. Any heading appearing nearthe bottom of a page should be followed by at least two lines of text. If this is not possible, the
heading and the line should be continued in the next page.
If the last paragraph of a page has to be continued on the next page, there must be at least twolines of the text appearing on the next page.
AppendicesThe pages should be numbered continuously with the rest of the text. Typeface to be used is
Times New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing. (Appendix I)
References
Every reference quoted or cited in the thesis must be included in the list of references and
numbered accordingly. References should be ordered alphabetically.
Citation style for references in text (Appendix J)Citation style for reference in list (Appendix K)
Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing.
Glossary
The pages should be numbered continuously with the rest of the text. Typeface to be used is
Times New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing.
Notes
The footnotes maybe numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, or throughout each chapter.
Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font size is 8.
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Single spacing with a double spacing between entries.
Bibliography
The pages should be numbered continuously with the rest of the text. Typeface to be used isTimes New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing.
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Appendix A: Sample of Front Cover of the Thesis
50 mm from the top of the page
45 mm from the left margin 45 mm from the right margin
EFFECTS OF CHILDREN ADVERTISING ON CHILDREN
AND PARENTAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN'S VIEWING
ENVIRONMENT
Title of ThesisTypeface: Times New Roman
Font size : 18
IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH
Student's Name
Typeface : Times New Roman
Font size : 18
Degree awarded, Name of University and
month and year of project submission
Typeface : Times New Roman
Font size : 18
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMNISTRATION
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY
AUGUST 2000
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Appendix B : Sample of Spine
Name of candidate
Typeface: Times New Roman
Font Size: 14
Key word of the title
Typeface : Times New Roman
Font Size : 14
Month and Year of Graduation
Typeface: Times New RomanFont Size: 14
Degree AwardedTypeface: Times New Roman
Font Size: 14
20 mm from the end of the spine
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IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH EFFECTS OF THE CHILDREN ADVERTISING MBA AUGUST 2000
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Appendix C: Sample of Title Page
50 mm from the top of the page
45 mm from the left margin 45 mm from the right margin
EFFECTS OF CHILDREN ADVERTISING ON CHILDREN
AND PARENTAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN'S VIEWING
ENVIRONMENT
Title of ThesisTypeface: Times New Roman
Font size : 18
IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH
Student's Name
Typeface : Times New Roman
Font size : 18
Degree awarded, Name of University and
month and year of project submission
Typeface : Times New Roman
Font size : 18
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMNISTRATION
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY
AUGUST 2000
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Appendix D : Sample of Declaration Page
DECLARATION
Typeface: Times New Roman
Font Size : 12
I hereby declare that this BMP 7164 Research Project is my original work except for quotations,
statements, explanations and summaries, which I have ready mentioned their sources. No portionof this Research Project has been submitted in support of any application for any other degree or
qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning.
Student's Signature : ___________________________ Date: _________________________
Student's Name : ______________________________ Student ID: ____________________
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Appendix E : Sample of Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENT Page
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
PREFACE ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Television Advertising Industry in Malaysia 2
1.2 Rules and Regulation in Advertising
1.3 Effects of Children Advertising on Children and Parents
1.4 Advertising to Children - Ethnical Issues1.5 Problem Statement
1.6 Objective of Study
1.7 Organisation of Research Project
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Effects of Television Advertising on Children2.1.1 Child's Ability to Distinguish Commercials from TV Programmes
2.1.2 Child's Ability to Understand the Purpose of Advertising
2.1.3 Child's Ability to Differentiate Fantasy from Reality
2.1.4 Perception of Children on Advertised Products
2.2 Parental Role in Consumer Socialisation of Children
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction3.2 Hypothesis of Study
3.3 Sampling Procedures
3.4 Sources of Data
3.4.1 Primary Data
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3.4.2 Secondary Data
3.5 Data Collection
CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Demographic Profiles
4.2 Chi-square Analysis4.2.1 Differentiate Commercials from TV Programmes
4.2.2 Differentiate Fantasy from Reality
4.2.3 Level of Understanding
4.3 Multiple Regression
4.3.1 Children's Liking to Watch Children Advertising
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary and Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
Appendices
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Appendix F: List of Tables
TABLE PAGE1. Children's Profile
2. Parents and Demographic Factors
3. Age By Level of Understanding
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Appendix G : List of Figures
FIGURE PAGE
1. Gross Income for Television and Radio Stations
2. The Effects of Advertising to Children
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Appendix H : Sample of Table and Illustration
Table 1: Age by the influence of children advertising on buying an advertised product
Table 2: Hoyt Reliability Coefficients
SOURCE: Cyril Hoyt, "Test Reliability Estimated by Analysis of Variance",Psychometrika 60
(Apr 1997): 153- 200
Figure 1: The Effects of Advertising on Children
ADAPTED FROM : McNeal ju (1992) Kids as Customers , A Handbook of Marketing to
children, Maxwell Macmillan Canada, Toronto
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Concept Reliability Coefficient
Computer .56
Punched Cards .80
Statistics .71Desk Calculator .34
Attitude
Advertising Child
Behaviour
ProductBrand
Producer
SellerAdvertisement
Advertising
Influence on
parentsPurchase influence
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Appendix I: List of Appendices
1. Sample of Questionnaire to Parents2. Sample of Questionnaire to Children
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Appendix J: Citation Style for References in Text
The American Psychological Association (APA) reference citation in text is used to provideinformation for readers to locates the source of information listed in the alphabetical selected
bibliography or references at the end of dissertation or thesis.
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
One work by one author
Use the surname of the author (do not
include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of
publication (includes month and year) for
citing in text.
If the author and year are given as part of
the textual discussion, excludeparenthetical information
Within a paragraph, do not include the year
in subsequent references if the study cannotbe confused with other studies cited.
Kenneth (1996 0 compared reactions times)
In a recent study or reaction times (Kenneth,1996)
In 1996 Kenneth compared
In a recent study of reaction times, Kenneth(1996) described the method also found.
One work by two or more authors
When a work has two authors, always cite
both names in text.
When a work has more than two authors,
cite all authors the first time the reference
occurs; in subsequent citations, includeonly the surname of the first author
followed by "et al"(give a period after
"al") and the year
In exceptional case, cite the surnames of
the first author. And of as many of the
subsequent authors as necessary todistinguish the two references followed by
a common and "et al".
Join the names in a multiple-author citation
in running text by the word and, use as
ampersand (&) for parenthetical material,
in tables and captions, and in the reference
Smith and Strumb (1997) considered
Williams, Smith, Brandner, Zappulla, Rosenand Rock (1994) found [first citation in text]
William et al (1994) found
William et al. Found [omit year fromsubsequent citations after citation within a
paragraph]
Bradley, Ramiraz, Soo (1994) and Bradley,Soo et al (1994) reported that [the two
references are: Bradley, B.T., Ramiraz, G.,Soo, T.K,. Ramiraz, G., & Brown, N.K (1994)]
as John and Smith (1997) demonstrated
as has been shown (Williams & Kenneth,
1989)
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list
Works with anonymous author
When a work's author is designated as
"Anonymous", cited in text the world
Anonymous followed by a comma and the
date.
In the reference list, an anonymous isalphabetised by the world Anonymous.
(Anonymous 1993)
Author with the same surnames
Include the authors' initials in all text
citations to avoid confusion, even if the
year of publication differs.
P.D. Luce (1989) and R.A. Luce (1990) alsofound
P.D. Luce et al. (1984) and D.O. Dykes (1980)studied
Two or more works within the same surnames
Arrange two or more works by the sameauthor in the same order by year of
publication. Place in-press citations last.
Give the author's surnames once; for eachsubsequent work, give only the date
Identify works by the same authors (or by
the same or two or more authors in thesame order)with the same publication date
by the suffixes a,b,c and so forth after the
year; repeat the year. The suffixes are
assigned in the reference list, wherereferences are ordered alphabetically by the
title.
List two or more works by different authors
who are cited whithin the same parentheses
in alphabetical order by the first author'ssurname. Separate the citations by
semicolons.
Past research (Edeline & Weinberger, 1994,1995)
Past research (Gogel, 1984, 1990, in press)
Several studies (Farrel & Hammond, 1987,
1990, in-press-a, in press-b)
Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c;
Singh, 1983, in press-a, in press-b)
Several studies (Balda, 1980, Kamil, 1988;
Pepperberg & Funk, 1990)
Specific parts of a source
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate
the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation
at the appropriate point in text. Alwaysgive page numbers for quotations, and
abbreviated the words page (p.) and chapter
(chap.) in test citations.
(cheek & Buss, 1981, p.332)
(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)
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Personal communications
These are letters, memos, some electronic
communication (e.g. email, discussion
groups, message from electronic bulletin
broads), telephone conversations, and the
like.As the do not provide recoverable data,
they are not included in the reference list.They are cited in text only. Give the initials
as well as the surname of the
communicator, an provide as a exact a data
as possible.
L.A. Schaie (personal communication, April
18, 1999)
(V-G. Nguyen, personal communication,
September 28, 1993)
Citations in parenthetical material
In a citation that appears in parenthetical
text, use commas (not brackets) to set off
date
(see Table 2 of Hashtroudi, Chrosniak, &
Schwartz, 1991, for complete data)
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Appendix K: Citation Style for Reference List
The APA (American Psychological Association) reference style is used which includes the
following categories: periodicals, books brochures, book chapters, technical and research reports,proceedings of meetings and symposia, doctoral dissertations and master thesis, unpublished
work, reviews, audio-visual media, and electronic media.
A reference list cites works that specifically support a particular article. The reference list must
be double-spaced, and entries should start with a paragraph indent; entries will then by typeset
with hanging indents.
Accepted abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications are:
DESCRIPTION ABBREVIATION
Chapter Chap.Edition Ed.
Revised edition Rev. ed.
Second edition 2nd ed.
Editor (Editors) Ed. (Eds.)
Translator (s) Trans.
No date n.d.
Page (pages) p. (pp.)
Volume (as in Vol.4) Vol.
Volumes (as in 4 vols) Vols.
Number No.
Part Pt.Technical Report Tech. Rep.
Supplement Suppl.
Order of reference in the reference list
Alphabetising names
Arrange entries in alphabetical order the surname of the first author, using the following rules forspecial cases:
Alphabetize letter by letter
Alphabetize the prefixes M', Mc, and Mac literally, not as if they were all spelled Mac
Surnames that use articles and prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc. 0 are alphabetized according
to different rules for different languages
Alphabetize entries with numerals as if the numerals were spelled out.
Order of several works by same first author
Use the following rule to arrange the entries
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Single author entries by the same authors are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first
Kim, K.S (1991)Kim, K.S. (1994)
Single author entries precede multiple authors entriesKaufman, J.r (1991)Kaufman, J.r, & Wong, D
References with the same first author and different second or third authors
Kaufman, J.R., Jones,K., & Cochran, D.F. (1982)
Kaufman, J.R., & Jones,K. (1980)
References with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial
Eliot, A.C (1983)
Eliot, G.R (1990)
References with the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with
the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that
follows the date
Exception: If the reference with the same authors published in the same year are identified as
articles in a series (e.g. Part 1 or Part 2) order the reference in the series order, not alphabetically
by title.
Order of work with corporate or with no authors, or agency, association, or institution as author.
Alphabetise corporate authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the firstsignificant word of the name. Full official names should be used (e.g. American Psychological
Association, not APA). A parent body precedes subdivision (e.g. University of Michigan,
Department of Psychology)
If there is no authors, the title move to the author position, and the entry is alphabetised by the
first significant word of title.
Entry of non-western names (Authors and Corporate Bodies)
For the entry of non-western names, references is made to Mohammed M.Aman (Ed.) (1980).Cataloguing and classification of non-western material: Concern, issue and practises. London:
Oryx-Press.
Description Example
MALAY NAMES
Enter a Malay name under the first element
of his/her name unless it is known that
he/she treats another elements of his/her
Merican, Faridah name as a surname.
('Merican' is a surname)
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If an abbreviation is used for a word
denoting filial relationship, i.e. b for bin,
bt. Or bte for binti, use the full form of the
word.
If a person never uses the word denoting
filial relationship, enter the name as found
Add after the name titles of honour, rank or
position that are commonly associated with
the name
If the title of honour, rank or position are
hereditary, entry by the title
Ali bin AbdullahRogayah binti Ahmad
Ismail Hussein
Abdul Majib bin Zainuddin, Haji
Soppiee, Nordin, Dato'
Ungku Abdul Aziz
Syed Hussin AliNik Safiah Haji A. Karim
CHINESE NAMES
Enter the surnames first
If a name of Chinese origin contains both
Chinese and non-Chinese gives names,
record the non-Chinese given namespreceding the Chinese given name
Foh, Kam BengChing, Fancis K.W
(Name appears as Francis K.W. Ching)
Loh, PhilipFOOK Seng
(Name appears as Philip Loh Fook Seng
INDIAN NAMES P.Subramaniam
(Name appears as P.Subramaniam)
Subramaniam,P
Corporate authors
Corporate authors are usually spelled out
each time they appear in a text citation. The
names of some corporate authors are
spelled out in the first citation andabbreviated thereafter
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH],1991)
first text citation
(NIMH, 1991)-subsequent text citation
(University of Pittsburghm 1993) cited in full
in all text citations.
Works with no author
When a work has no author, cite in text the
first two or three words or the reference list
entry (usually the title) and the year. Use
double quotations marks around the little ofan articles or chapter and underline the title
of a periodical or book.
On free care ('Study Finds, " 1986)
The book College Bound Seniors (1979)
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