Clive L. N. RugglesEditor
Handbook ofArchaeoastronomy andEthnoastronomy
With 969 Figures and 88 Tables
EditorClive L. N. RugglesSchool of Archaeology and Ancient HistoryUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicester, UK
ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1 978-1-4614-6141-8 (eBook)ISBN Bundle 978-1-4614-6142-5 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
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Preface
All human cultures have a sky. Through the ages, the celestial vault visible at night
has formed a breathtaking spectacle, as it continues to do in places beyond the reach
of modern lighting. For countless millennia, how people interpret what they
perceive in the sky has played a vital role in human communities’ understanding
of the cosmos that they inhabit.
For human societies ranging from small groups of hunter-gatherers and herders
through to states and empires, the sky formed a prominent and immutable part of
the observed world. The repeated cycles of the sun, moon, and stars helped to
regulate human activity as people strove to make sense of their world and to keep
their actions in harmony with the cosmos as they perceived it. In some cases, this
was simply in order to maintain seasonal subsistence cycles; in others it helped to
support dominant ideologies and complex social hierarchies. This quest for knowl-
edge and understanding – “science” in its broadest sense – links the earliest
skywatchers to modern astronomers and cosmologists. Sky perceptions very dif-
ferent in nature from those offered by modern “Western” science persist in many
indigenous cultures around the world.
Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy, also referred to jointly as “cultural
astronomy”, are concerned with humankind’s perceptions and understanding
of astronomical phenomena, throughout human history and among all cultures.
Monumental and other human constructions, artifacts, cultural landscapes, histor-
ical accounts, and modern indigenous practices all bear witness to the extraordinary
diversity of ways in which human communities have comprehended what they
perceived in the skies and used or manipulated this knowledge for social ends. The
twin disciplines have been recognized since the 1970s as a distinct academic field of
endeavor of significant value in informing broader cultural questions.
Research in archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy has been burgeoning since
the 1980s, when academics from across the divide between the social sciences
and the physical and formal sciences began to work together in earnest to develop
common goals and approaches. The result is a rich cross-disciplinary field
with input from a wide range of academic disciplines including anthropology,
archaeology, history (also the history of art, history of science, and history of
religions), architecture, astronomy, and statistics. Nonetheless archaeoastronomy,
v
in particular, has long courted controversy and acted as a magnet for sensationalism
and uncritical speculation. A contributing factor is doubtless that each of its main
constituent disciplines, archaeology and astronomy, has huge popular appeal. Such
uncritical or sensationalistic accounts, often widely available, tend to obscure and
undermine serious scholarship in the field.
This three-volume handbook sets out to provide a definitive picture of the state
of the art of research in archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy and to be a reliable
and comprehensive source of reference regarding theory, method, interpretation,
and best practice. It aims to be equally accessible to interested scholars regardless
of the discipline in which they are qualified, as well as for tertiary-level students and
serious general readers. Its authors are drawn from a full range of relevant disci-
plines and geographical areas.
Part I of the handbook comprises thematic essays addressing general themes
such as cosmologies, perceptions of space and time, calendars, and navigation. The
chapters here also highlight various aspects of the social context of astronomy such
as its role in sustaining social and political power; its use in the service of world
religions, particularly Christianity and Islam; and its relationship to astrology.
There is discussion of various disciplinary approaches to the study of prehistoric,
historical, and indigenous astronomical knowledge, a historical perspective on the
development of archaeoastronomy itself, and coverage of issues relating to heritage
and tourism.
Part II, “Methods and Practice”, covers topics ranging from social theory to field
methodology, survey procedures, data analysis, and visualization. The opening
chapters are concerned with the cultural interpretation of archaeological, historical,
and ethnographic evidence. Several of the remainder deal with the identification
and analysis of structural orientations and putative alignments upon various astro-
nomical bodies; one with light-and-shadow interactions. A number of chapters here
also provide broad definitions and explanations of key concepts that may be useful
to readers unfamiliar with background matter in the relevant disciplines.
The case studies that form the remainder, and major part, of the handbook have
been selected to best illustrate broader themes and issues while ranging as widely as
possible both geographically and through time and also in terms of the nature of the
society in question and of their astronomical perceptions and practices. The subject
matter does not extend to the development of modern scientific astronomy from the
European Renaissance onward, but does include topics such as Babylonian, Greek,
and Islamic astronomy, focusing in the Greek case (for example) more broadly
upon calendars, religious practices, and perceptions of the cosmos, rather than
exclusively upon the development of mathematical astronomy.
I would like to thank all the authors for taking time out from their many other
commitments to complete their excellent contributions to this handbook. My
particular thanks are due to the section editors without whose thoroughness,
reliability, and punctuality, not to say tenacity, it simply would not have been
possible to produce a work of such impressive scope. Finally, I am immensely
vi Preface
grateful to the Springer staff, and particularly to our production editors Sylvia
Blago and Simone Giesler, for their endless patience and good humor, as well as
their unyielding support, at all stages in helping us to bring this project to a very
satisfactory completion.
January 2014 Clive L. N. Ruggles
Preface vii
About the Editor
Clive L. N. Ruggles Emeritus Professor of Archaeoastronomy, School of Archae-
ology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Professor Clive L.N. Ruggles obtained an M.A. in Mathematics from Cambridge
University in 1974 and a D. Phil in Astrophysics from Oxford University in 1978.
Having already published several papers in archaeo- and ethnoastronomy, he
moved shortly after this to University College, Cardiff (now Cardiff University),
where he became a research fellow in the Department of Archaeology, moving on
in 1982 to the Mathematics Department at the University of Leicester to pursue
research in statistical applications in archaeology and archaeoastronomy. From
1984, he held various posts at the university, first as a lecturer and subsequently
senior lecturer (1989) in Computing Studies, and later directing a cross-campus
computer-based-learning project while also affiliated to two different departments
(Mathematics and Computer Science, and Archaeology). He moved full time into
the newly created School of Archaeological Studies (now the School of Archaeol-
ogy and Ancient History) in 1997, gaining promotion to a personal chair in 1999
and becoming emeritus professor in 2007.
Professor Ruggles has authored over 120 research and review papers in archaeo-
astronomy and ethnoastronomy as well as various other subjects, and has authored,
ix
edited, or coedited 17 books including Records in Stone (Cambridge University
Press, 1988), Astronomies and Cultures (University Press of Colorado, 1993),
Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland (Yale University Press, 1999),
Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth (ABC-CLIO,
2005), Cultural Astronomy in New World Cosmologies (University Press of
Colorado, 2007), and Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy: Building BridgesBetween Cultures (Cambridge University Press, 2011). His early work focused on
the Neolithic and Bronze Age standing stone monuments of Britain and Ireland,
a topic of great controversy at the time between archaeologists and astronomers.
Since then his interests have ranged from prehistoric perceptions of the skies in
various contexts around the world to modern indigenous calendars in sub-Saharan
Africa. He has undertaken fieldwork in several European countries, as well as in
Egypt, the Americas, and Polynesia, concentrating most recently on major projects
in Peru and the Hawaiian Islands. Throughout his career he has been concerned
with developing sounder theoretical foundations and more robust methodologies
and practice. In 2010, he was awarded the “Carlos Jaschek” prize by the European
Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) for outstanding contributions in the fields
of cultural astronomy and archaeoastronomy.
From 2009 to 2012, Professor Ruggles served as president of the Inter-Union
Commission on the History of Astronomy (ICHA), a joint Commission of the
International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the International Union of
the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS). He has also served as president
of the Prehistoric Society (2006–2010), the International Society for Archaeoas-
tronomy and Astronomy in Culture (ISAAC) (1999–2004), and the European
Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) (1993–99). He was editor from 1987
to 2001 of Archaeoastronomy, the supplement to Journal for the History ofAstronomy, and coeditor from 1998 to 2010 of Archaeoastronomy: the Journal ofAstronomy in Culture. He has organized two of the ten “Oxford” International
Symposia on Archaeoastronomy, the principal conferences in the field, that have
taken place between 1981 and 2014: Oxford III in St Andrews, Scotland, in 1990
and Oxford IX in Lima, Peru, in 2011. He is a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
of London.
Since 2008, Professor Ruggles has worked on behalf of UNESCO and the
International Astronomical Union to advance their joint initiative to promote,
preserve, and protect the world’s most important astronomical heritage sites.
From 2008 to 2012, he chaired the IAU’s Working Group on Astronomy and
World Heritage, and he continues as a special advisor to the IAU, liaising with
UNESCO. He has also worked with UNESCO’s advisory body for cultural sites,
ICOMOS, to produce a joint ICOMOS–IAU Thematic Study on the Heritage Sitesof Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy (2010), and with their advisory body for
natural sites, IUCN, as a member of the Dark Skies Advisory Group (DSAG). He
is director of UNESCO’s Astronomy and World Heritage Web Portal Project.
x About the Editor
Section Editors
Themes and Issues
Juan Antonio Belmonte Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, Universidad de La
Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Methods and Practice
Stephen C. McCluskey Department of History, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV, USA
Pre-Columbian and Indigenous North America
Stephen C. McCluskey Department of History, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV, USA
Pre-Columbian and Indigenous Mesoamerica
Stanisław Iwaniszewski Division de Posgrado, Escuela Nacional de Antropologıa
e Historia, Tlalpan, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
Pre-Columbian and Indigenous South America
Alejandro Martın Lopez Seccion de Etnologıa, Instituto de Ciencias
Antropologicas, Facultad de Filosofıa y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Indigenous and Islamic Astronomy in Africa
Alejandro Martın Lopez Seccion de Etnologıa, Instituto de Ciencias
Antropologicas, Facultad de Filosofıa y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Prehistoric Europe (Western Part)
Juan Antonio Belmonte Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, Universidad de La
Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
xi
Prehistoric Europe (Central and Eastern Part) and Central Asia
Stanisław Iwaniszewski Division de Posgrado, Escuela Nacional de Antropologıa
e Historia, Tlalpan, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
Ancient Egypt and the Classical World
John M. Steele Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies,
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Traditional Astronomies in Medieval and Modern Europe
Stephen C. McCluskey Department of History, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV, USA
Ancient Near East
John M. Steele Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies,
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
India and the Islamic Near East
John M. Steele Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies,
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
China and the Far East
Xiaochun Sun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Xicheng, Beijing, China
Oceania (Including Australasia and Malay Archipelago)
Alejandro Martın Lopez Seccion de Etnologıa, Instituto de Ciencias
Antropologicas, Facultad de Filosofıa y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
xii Section Editors
Contents
Volume 1
Part I Themes and Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Juan Antonio Belmonte
1 Concepts of Space, Time, and the Cosmos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
2 Calendars and Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Clive L. N. Ruggles
3 Astronomy and Chronology - Babylonia, Assyria, and Egypt . . . 31
Rolf Krauss
4 Astronomy and Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Fernando Pimenta
5 Astronomy and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Edwin C. Krupp
6 Astronomy and Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
John M. Steele
7 Astrology as Cultural Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Nicholas Campion
8 Astronomy, Astrology, and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum
9 Ancient “Observatories” - A Relevant Concept? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Juan Antonio Belmonte
10 Origins of the “Western” Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Roslyn M. Frank
11 Astronomy in the Service of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Stephen C. McCluskey
xiii
12 Astronomy in the Service of Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
David A. King
13 Interactions Between “Indigenous” and “Colonial”
Astronomies: Adaptation of Indigenous Astronomies in the
Modern World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Alejandro Martın Lopez
14 Development of Archaeoastronomy in the English-Speaking
World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Alun Salt
15 Disciplinary Perspectives on Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Stephen C. McCluskey
16 Astronomy and Rock Art Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
William Breen Murray
17 Presentation of Archaeoastronomy in Introductions to
Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Victor B. Fisher
18 Archaeoastronomical Concepts in Popular Culture . . . . . . . . . . 263
Edwin C. Krupp
19 Astrotourism and Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
20 Archaeoastronomical Heritage and the World Heritage
Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Michel Cotte
Part II Methods and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Stephen C. McCluskey
21 Cultural Interpretation of Archaeological Evidence Relating
to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
22 Cultural Interpretation of Historical Evidence Relating
to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Stephen C. McCluskey
23 Cultural Interpretation of Ethnographic Evidence Relating
to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Alejandro Martın Lopez
24 Nature and Analysis of Material Evidence Relevant
to Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Clive L. N. Ruggles
xiv Contents
25 Best Practice for Evaluating the Astronomical Significance
of Archaeological Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Clive L. N. Ruggles
26 Techniques of Field Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Frank Prendergast
27 Analyzing Orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Clive L. N. Ruggles
28 Analyzing Light-and-Shadow Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Stephen C. McCluskey
29 Visualization Tools and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Georg Zotti
30 Basic Concepts of Positional Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Clive L. N. Ruggles
31 Long-Term Changes in the Appearance of the Sky . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Clive L. N. Ruggles
32 Solar Alignments - Identification and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Juan Antonio Belmonte
33 Lunar Alignments - Identification and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa
34 Alignments upon Venus (and Other Planets) - Identification
and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Ivan Sprajc
35 Stellar Alignments - Identification and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Clive L. N. Ruggles
Part III Pre-Columbian and Indigenous North America . . . . . . . . . 531
Stephen C. McCluskey
36 Inuit Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
John MacDonald
37 Medicine Wheels of the Great Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
David Vogt
38 Hohokam Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Todd W. Bostwick
39 Mesa Verde Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Gregory E. Munson
Contents xv
40 Great Houses and the Sun - Astronomy of
Chaco Canyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
J. McKim Malville and Andrew Munro
41 Rock Art of the Greater Southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Edwin C. Krupp
42 Hopi and Anasazi Alignments and Rock Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Bryan C. Bates
43 Sun-Dagger Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Ray A. Williamson
44 Dine (Navajo) Ethno- and Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Von Del Chamberlain
45 Pueblo Ethnoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Ray Williamson
46 Hopi and Puebloan Ethnoastronomy and Ethnoscience . . . . . . . 649
Stephen C. McCluskey
47 Astronomy and Rock Art in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
William Breen Murray
48 Boca de Potrerillos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
William Breen Murray
Part IV Pre-Columbian and Indigenous Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . 681
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
49 Astronomical Deities in Ancient Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Susan Milbrath
50 Astronomy in the Dresden Codex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Gabrielle Vail
51 Counting Lunar Phase Cycles in Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
52 Astronomical Correlates of Architecture and Landscape
in Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Ivan Sprajc
53 Astronomy at Teotihuacan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
54 Pecked Cross-Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
55 Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan - Calendar and Astronomy . . . . . . 743
Jesus Galindo Trejo
xvi Contents
56 Cave of the Astronomers at Xochicalco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Arnold Lebeuf
57 Colonial Zapotec Calendars and Calendrical Astronomy . . . . . . 759
John Justeson
58 Layout of Ancient Maya Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Grant R. Aylesworth
59 Governor’s Palace at Uxmal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Ivan Sprajc
60 E-Group Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Grant R. Aylesworth
Volume 2
Part V Pre-Columbian and Indigenous South America . . . . . . . . . 793
Alejandro Martın Lopez
61 Pre-Inca Astronomy in Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
J. McKim Malville
62 Chankillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Ivan Ghezzi and Clive L. N. Ruggles
63 Geoglyphs of the Peruvian Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Clive L. N. Ruggles
64 Inca Astronomy and Calendrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
David S. P. Dearborn and Brian S. Bauer
65 Inca Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Mariusz Ziołkowski
66 Ceque System of Cuzco: A Yearly Calendar-Almanac in
Space and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
R. Tom Zuidema
67 Inca Royal Estates in the Sacred Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
J. McKim Malville
68 Machu Picchu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
J. McKim Malville
69 Island of the Sun: Elite and Non-Elite Observations of
the June Solstice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
David S. P. Dearborn and Brian S. Bauer
Contents xvii
70 Inca Moon: Some Evidence of Lunar Observations in
Tahuantinsuyu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Mariusz Ziołkowski, Jacek Kosciuk, and Fernando Astete
71 Observations of Comets and Eclipses in the Andes . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Mariusz Ziołkowski
72 Landscape, Mountain Worship and Astronomy in Socaire . . . . . 921
Ricardo Moyano
73 Skyscape of an Amazonian Diaspora: Arawak Astronomy
in Historical Comparative Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Fabiola Jara
74 Astronomy in Brazilian Ethnohistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Flavia Pedroza Lima
75 Ticuna Astronomy, Mythology and Cosmovision . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Priscila Faulhaber
76 Moxos’ Lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Juan Antonio Belmonte and Josep F. Barba
77 “Chiriguano” Astronomy - Venus and a Guarani New Year . . . 967
Gonzalo Pereira
78 Astronomy and Cosmology of the Guarani of Southern Brazil . . . . 975
Flavia Cristina de Mello
79 The Sky Among the Toba of Western Formosa
(Gran Chaco, Argentina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Cecilia Paula Gomez
80 Astronomy in the Chaco Region, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Alejandro Martın Lopez
81 Ethnoastronomy in the Multicultural Context of the AgriculturalColonies in Northern Santa Fe Province, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . 997
Armando Mudrik
82 Selkᛌnam Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Sixto R. Gimenez Benıtez
Part VI Indigenous and Islamic Astronomy in Africa . . . . . . . . . 1011
Alejandro Martın Lopez
83 Cultural Astronomy in Africa South of the Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Jarita Holbrook
84 Indigenous Astronomy in Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Thebe Rodney Medupe
xviii Contents
85 “Reading” Central African Skies - A Case Study from
Southeastern DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
Allen F. Roberts
86 Mursi and Borana Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Clive L. N. Ruggles
87 Yoruba Ethnoastronomy - “Orisha/Vodun” or How People’s
Conceptions of the Sky Constructed Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
Dafon Aime Segla
88 Pre-Islamic Dry-Stone Monuments of the Central and
Western Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
Yves Gauthier
89 Astronomy at Nabta Playa, Southern Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
J. McKim Malville
90 Pre-Islamic Religious Monuments in North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Cesar Esteban
91 Astronomy as Practiced in the West African City ofTimbuktu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Thebe Rodney Medupe
92 Calendar Pluralism and the Cultural Heritage of Domination
and Resistance (Tuareg and Other Saharans) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
Clare Oxby
93 Pre-Hispanic Sanctuaries in the Canary Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Juan Antonio Belmonte
94 A Modern Myth - The “Pyramids” of G€uımar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
Antonio Aparicio and Cesar Esteban
Part VII Prehistoric Europe [Western Part] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
Juan Antonio Belmonte
95 Patterns of Orientation in the Megalithic Tombs of the
Western Mediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Michael Hoskin
96 Seven-Stone Antas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Michael Hoskin
97 Megalithic Cromlechs of Iberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Fernando Pimenta and Luıs Tirapicos
98 Iberian Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Cesar Esteban
Contents xix
99 Taula Sanctuaries of Menorca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
Michael Hoskin
100 Celtic Sites of Central Iberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
Manuel Perez Gutierrez
101 Basque Saroiak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187
Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe
102 Possible Calendrical Inscriptions on Paleolithic Artifacts . . . . . 1197
Michael A. Rappengl€uck
103 Possible Astronomical Depictions in Franco-Cantabrian
Paleolithic Rock Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
Michael A. Rappengl€uck
104 Astronomical Symbolism in Bronze-Age and
Iron-Age Rock Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Marco V. Garcıa Quintela and Manuel Santos-Estevez
105 Stonehenge and its Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
Clive L. N. Ruggles
106 The Neolithic and Bronze Age Monument Complex of
Thornborough, North Yorkshire, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239
Jan Harding
107 Irish Neolithic Tombs in their Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249
Frank Prendergast
108 Boyne Valley Tombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263
Frank Prendergast
109 Recumbent Stone Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277
Clive L. N. Ruggles
110 Scottish Short Stone Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287
Clive L. N. Ruggles
Part VIII Prehistoric Europe [Central and Eastern Part]and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
111 TRB Megalithic Tombs and Long Barrows inCentral Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
112 Neolithic Longhouses and Bronze Age Houses in
Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307
Emılia Pasztor and Judit P. Barna
xx Contents
113 Neolithic Circular Ditch Systems (“Rondels”) in
Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
Emılia Pasztor, Judit P. Barna, and Georg Zotti
114 Celestial Symbolism of the Vucedol Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327
Emılia Pasztor
115 Celestial Symbolism in Central European Later
Prehistory - Case Studies from the Bronze Age
Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337
Emılia Pasztor
116 Nebra Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349
Emılia Pasztor
117 Lessons of Odry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357
Stanisław Iwaniszewski
118 Astronomical Orientation in the Ancient Dacian Sanctuaries ofRomania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365
Florin Stanescu
119 Astronomy in the Bulgarian Neolithic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377
Alexey Stoev and Penka Maglova
120 Thracian Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385
Penka Maglova and Alexey Stoev
121 Thracian Dolmens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395
A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa, Dimiter Kolev, and Vesselina Koleva
122 Sardinian Nuraghes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403
Mauro Peppino Zedda
123 Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina, Paulilatino,
Oristano, Sardinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413
Arnold Lebeuf
124 Temples of Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421
Frank Ventura and Michael Hoskin
125 Minoan Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431
Mary Blomberg and Goran Henriksson
126 Astronomy in the Ancient Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443
Irakli Simonia and Badri Jijelava
127 Carahunge - A Critical Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453
A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa
128 Observational and Cult Sites in Pre-Christian Georgia . . . . . . 1461
Irakli Simonia, Badri Jijelava, G. Gigauri, and Gordon Houston
Contents xxi
Volume 3
Part IX Ancient Egypt and the Classical World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469
John M. Steele
129 Egyptian Cosmology and Cosmogony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1471
James P. Allen
130 Egyptian Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477
Jose Lull and Juan Antonio Belmonte
131 Ancient Egyptian Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489
Anthony Spalinger
132 Egyptian “Star Clocks” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495
Sarah Symons
133 Orientation of Egyptian Temples: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501
Juan Antonio Belmonte
134 Monuments of the Giza Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519
Clive L. N. Ruggles
135 Karnak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531
Juan Antonio Belmonte
136 Kingdom of Kush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541
Juan Antonio Belmonte
137 Greek Cosmology and Cosmogony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549
Alexander Jones
138 Greek Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
Stamatina Mastorakou
139 Ancient Greek Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1563
Robert Hannah
140 Greek Temples and Rituals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1573
Efrosyni Boutsikas
141 Greek Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583
Alexander Jones
142 Material Culture of Greek and Roman Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . 1589
James Evans
143 Reconstructing the Antikythera Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603
Tony Freeth
144 Greco-Roman Astrometeorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625
Daryn Lehoux
xxii Contents
145 Greco-Roman Astrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
Roger Beck
146 Etruscan Divination and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637
Giulio Magli
147 Roman City Planning and Spatial Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643
A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa and Giulio Magli
148 Light at the Pantheon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1651
Robert Hannah and Giulio Magli
149 Nemrud Dag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1659
Juan Antonio Belmonte and A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa
150 Mithraism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1669
Roger Beck
Part X Traditional Astronomies in Medieval and EarlyModern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1677
Stephen C. McCluskey
151 Skylore of the Indigenous Peoples of Northern Eurasia . . . . . . 1679
Roslyn M. Frank
152 Qibla in the Mediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687
Monica Rius-Pinies
153 Interactions Between Islamic and Christian Traditions
in the Iberian Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695
A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa and Juan Antonio Belmonte
154 Orientation of Christian Churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703
Stephen C. McCluskey
155 Orientation of English Medieval Parish Churches . . . . . . . . . . 1711
Peter G. Hoare
156 Church Orientations in Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719
Sasa Caval
157 Church Orientations in Central and Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . 1727
Rimvydas Lauzikas
158 Role of Light–Shadow Hierophanies in Early Medieval Art . . . 1733
Kirsten Ataoguz
159 Light–Shadow Interactions in Italian Medieval Churches . . . . 1743
Manuela Incerti
160 Lost Skies of Italian Folk Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755
Piero Barale
Contents xxiii
161 Folk Calendars in the Balkan Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767
Dimiter Kolev
162 Wooden Calendar Sticks in Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773
Vesselina Koleva and Svetlana Koleva
Part XI Ancient Near East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1781
John M. Steele
163 Orientation of Hittite Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783
A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa and Juan Antonio Belmonte
164 Orientation of Phoenician Temples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1793
Jose Luis Escacena Carrasco
165 Astronomy in the Levant During the Bronze Age
and Iron Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801
Andrea Polcaro
166 Petra and the Nabataeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813
Juan Antonio Belmonte and A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa
167 Mesopotamian Cosmogony and Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1823
Wayne Horowitz
168 Mesopotamian Star Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829
Wayne Horowitz
169 Mesopotamian Celestial Divination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835
Lorenzo Verderame
170 Mesopotamian Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1841
John M. Steele
171 Astronomy, Divination, and Politics in the Neo-Assyrian Empire 1847
Lorenzo Verderame
172 Babylonian Observational and Predictive Astronomy . . . . . . . . 1855
John M. Steele
173 Babylonian Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1863
Mathieu Ossendrijver
174 Late Babylonian Astrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871
John M. Steele
175 Transmission of Babylonian Astronomy to Other Cultures . . . 1877
Alexander Jones
xxiv Contents
176 Ancient and Medieval Jewish Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883
Sacha Stern
177 Astronomy in the Book of Enoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1889
Jonathan Ben-Dov
178 Astronomy and Calendars at Qumran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1895
Jonathan Ben-Dov
179 Ancient Persian Skywatching and Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak
Part XII India and the Islamic Near East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907
John M. Steele
180 Islamic Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909
Clemency Montelle
181 Islamic Astronomical Instruments and Observatories . . . . . . . . 1917
Tofigh Heidarzadeh
182 Islamic Folk Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927
Petra G. Schmidl
183 Folk Astronomy and Calendars in Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935
Daniel Martin Varisco
184 Star Clocks and Water Management in Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941
Harriet Nash
185 Astronomy of the Vedic Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949
Yukio Ohashi
186 Use of Astronomical Principles in Indian
Temple Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959
B. S. Shylaja
187 Astronomy of Indian Cities, Temples, and
Pilgrimage Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969
J. McKim Malville
188 Mathematical Astronomy in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981
Kim Plofker
189 Vakya System of Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991
M. S. Sriram
190 Kerala School of Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001
Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian
Contents xxv
191 Astronomical Instruments in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
Sreeramula Rajeswara Sarma
192 Observatories of Sawai Jai Singh II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017
Susan N. Johnson-Roehr
Part XIII China and the Far East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2029
Xiaochun Sun
193 Ancient Chinese Astronomy - An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031
Yunli Shi
194 Observation of Celestial Phenomena in Ancient China . . . . . . . 2043
Xiaochun Sun
195 Chinese Constellations and Star Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051
Xiaochun Sun
196 Chinese Calendar and Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . 2059
Xiaochun Sun
197 Shang Oracle Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2069
David W. Pankenier
198 Excavated Documents Dealing with Chinese Astronomy . . . . . 2079
Yuzhen Guan
199 Astronomy and City Planning in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085
David W. Pankenier
200 Gnomons in Ancient China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2095
Geng Li
201 Taosi Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2105
Xiaochun Sun
202 Dengfeng Large Gnomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2111
Fengxian Xu
203 Ancient Chinese Sundials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2117
Kehui Deng
204 Chinese Armillary Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2127
Xiaochun Sun
205 Water-Powered Astronomical Clock Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2133
Xiaochun Sun
206 Beijing Ancient Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2141
Yunli Shi
xxvi Contents
207 Astronomical Aspects of Korean Dolmens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149
Hong-Jin Yang
208 Korean Astronomical Calendar, Chiljeongsan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2157
Eun Hee Lee
209 Striking Clepsydras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163
Moon-Hyon Nam
210 Song I-Yeong’s Armillary Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179
Sang Hyuk Kim and Yong Sam Lee
211 Cultural Astronomy in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197
Steven L. Renshaw
Part XIV Oceania (Including Australasia andMalay Archipelago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2205
Alejandro Martın Lopez
212 Cultural Production of Skylore in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2207
Gene Ammarell and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing
213 Australian Aboriginal Astronomy - An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . 2215
Ray P. Norris and Duane W. Hamacher
214 Australian Aboriginal Astronomy and Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . 2223
Philip A. Clarke
215 Archaeoastronomy in Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2231
Clive L. N. Ruggles
216 Ancient Hawaiian Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247
Clive L. N. Ruggles
217 Archaeoastronomy of Easter Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2261
Edmundo Edwards
Erratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269
Contents xxvii
Contributors
James P. Allen Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Gene Ammarell Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
Antonio Aparicio Departamento de Astrofısica and Instituto de Astrofısica de
Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Fernando Astete Parque Arqueologico Nacional de Machu Picchu, Direccion
Regional de Cultura Cusco, Cusco, Peru
Kirsten Ataoguz Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne,
IN, USA
Grant R. Aylesworth Anthropology, St. Thomas University, Fredericton, NB,
Canada
Piero Barale Societa Astronomica Italiana, Rome, Italy
Josep F. Barba Centre d’Estudis Amazonics, Barcelona, Spain
Judit P. Barna Balatoni Museum, Keszthely, Hungary
Bryan C. Bates Coconino Community College, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
Brian S. Bauer University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Roger Beck University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Juan Antonio Belmonte Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, Universidad de La
Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Jonathan Ben-Dov Department of Bible, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Mary Blomberg Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
Todd W. Bostwick PaleoWest Archaeology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Verde Valley Archaeology Center, Camp Verde, AZ, USA
Efrosyni Boutsikas University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
xxix
Nicholas Campion University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, UK
Sasa Caval Institute of Anthropological and Spatial Studies, Scientific Research
Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Von Del Chamberlain Kanab, UT, USA
Philip A. Clarke Environmental & Landscape Planning, Urban Research
Program, School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
Michel Cotte University of Nantes, Nantes, France
Flavia Cristina de Mello Department of Anthropology, Universidade Estadual de
Santa Cruz – UESC, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
David S. P. Dearborn Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA,
USA
Kehui Deng College of Humanities and Sciences, Donghua University, Shanghai,
China
Edmundo Edwards Centro de Estudios Isla de Pascua, Universidad de Chile,
Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile
Jose Luis Escacena Carrasco Department of Prehistory and Archaeology,
University of Seville, Seville, Spain
Cesar Esteban Departamento de Astrofısica and Instituto de Astrofısica de
Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
James Evans University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA
Priscila Faulhaber Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Victor B. Fisher Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice,
Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
Roslyn M. Frank University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Tony Freeth Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, South Ealing, London, UK
Jesus Galindo Trejo Instituto de Investigaciones Esteticas, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
Marco V. Garcıa Quintela University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
Yves Gauthier Reaumont, France
Ivan Ghezzi Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueologicas, Miraflores, Lima, Peru
G. Gigauri Eqvtime Takaishvili Historical Society, Tbilisi, Georgia
xxx Contributors
Sixto R. Gimenez Benıtez Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
Cecilia Paula Gomez Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos
Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio, Incipit, Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum University of Wales, Trinity Saint David,
Lampeter, Wales, UK
Yuzhen Guan Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies,
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Duane W. Hamacher Nura Gili Indigenous Programs Unit, University of New
South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Robert Hannah University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Jan Harding School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University,
Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
Tofigh Heidarzadeh University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
Goran Henriksson Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University,
Uppsala, Sweden
Peter G. Hoare Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK
Jarita Holbrook University of the Western Cape, Belville, South Africa
Wayne Horowitz The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Michael Hoskin Churchill College, Cambridge, UK
Gordon Houston Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Manuela Incerti Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Stanisław Iwaniszewski Division de Posgrado, Escuela Nacional de Antropologıa
e Historia, Tlalpan, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
Panstwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warszawa, Poland
Fabiola Jara Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Cultural Anthropology,
Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Badri Jijelava Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Susan N. Johnson-Roehr Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New
Brunswick, NJ, USA
Alexander Jones Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York
University, NY, USA
Contributors xxxi
John Justeson University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
Sang Hyuk Kim Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
David A. King Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
Dimiter Kolev Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Svetlana Koleva Faculty of Classical and Modern Philology, Sofia University,
Sofia, Bulgaria
Vesselina Koleva Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Jacek Kosciuk Laboratory of 3D Scanning and Modelling, Institute of History of
Architecture, Arts and Technology, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław,
Poland
Rolf Krauss Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
Edwin C. Krupp Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Rimvydas Lauzikas Faculty of Communication, Vilnius University, Vilnius,
Lithuania
Arnold Lebeuf Institute for the History of Religions, Jagiellonian University,
Krakow, Poland
Eun Hee Lee Yonsei University Observatory, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Yong Sam Lee Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
Daryn Lehoux Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Geng Li Center of Ancient Chinese Astronomy, National Astronomical
Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Flavia Pedroza Lima Rio de Janeiro Planetarium Foundation, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Alejandro Martın Lopez Seccion de Etnologıa, Instituto de Ciencias
Antropologicas, Facultad de Filosofıa y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Jose Lull Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
John MacDonald Nunavut Research Institute, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
Giulio Magli Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
xxxii Contributors
Penka Maglova Stara Zagora Department, Space Research and Technology
Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
J. McKim Malville Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences,
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Stamatina Mastorakou Institute for Research in Classical Philosophy and
Science, Princeton, NJ, USA
Stephen C. McCluskey Department of History, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV, USA
Thebe Rodney Medupe Department of Physics, North West University,
Mahikeng, South Africa
Susan Milbrath Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
Clemency Montelle University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Ricardo Moyano Escuela Nacional de Antropologıa e Historia, Mexico, D.F.,
Mexico
Armando Mudrik Facultad de Matematica, Astronomıa y Fısica, Universidad
Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
Andrew Munro Centre for Astronomy, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld,
Australia
Gregory E. Munson Dolores, CO, USA
William Breen Murray Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de
Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcıa, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
Moon-Hyon Nam Konkuk University and Jagyeongnu Research Institute, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
Harriet Nash University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Ray P. Norris Department of Indigenous Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney,
NSW, Australia
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science, Epping, NSW, Australia
Yukio Ohashi Tokyo, Japan
Mathieu Ossendrijver TOPOI, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
Clare Oxby Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
David W. Pankenier Department of Modern Languages and Literatures,
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
Contributors xxxiii
Emılia Pasztor Magistratum Studio, Dunafoldvar, Hungary
Gonzalo Pereira Planetario Max Schreier, Carrera de Fısica, Universidad Mayor
de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
Manuel Perez Gutierrez Higher Polytechnical School of Avila, University of
Salamanca, Avila, Castilla y Leon, Spain
Fernando Pimenta Associacao Portuguesa de Investigacao Arqueologica
(APIA), Lisbon, Portugal
Kim Plofker Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA
Andrea Polcaro Universita degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Frank Prendergast Spatial Information Sciences, College of Engineering and
Built Environment, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian Cell for Indian Science and Technology in
Sanskrit, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Bombay, Mumbai,
India
Michael A. Rappengl€uck Adult Education Centre and Observatory, Gilching,
Germany
Steven L. Renshaw Kanda University of International Studies, Chiba, Japan
Monica Rius-Pinies Arabic Studies, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Allen F. Roberts University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Clive L. N. Ruggles School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
Alun Salt University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Manuel Santos-Estevez Centro de Ciencias Historicas y Sociales (CSIC),
Madrid, Spain
Sreeramula Rajeswara Sarma D€usseldorf, Germany
Petra G. Schmidl Institut f€ur Orient– und Asienwissenschaften – Abteilung
Islamwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich–Wilhelms–Universit€at, Bonn,
Germany
Exzellenzcluster “Normative Ordnungen”, Goethe–Universit€at, Frankfurt,
Germany
Dafon Aime Segla Martin–Luther University, Halle, Germany
Universite d’Abomey Calavi UAC – Centre Universitaire d’Aplahoue, Abomey
Calavi, Benin Republic
Yunli Shi University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
xxxiv Contributors
B. S. Shylaja Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bangalore, India
Irakli Simonia Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa,
Poland
Anthony Spalinger Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Ivan Sprajc Institute of Anthropological and Spatial Studies, Research Center of
the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia
M. S. Sriram Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Madras, Guindy
Campus, Chennai, India
Florin Stanescu University “1 Decembrie 1918”, Alba Iulia, Romania
John M. Steele Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies,
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Sacha Stern University College London, London, UK
Alexey Stoev Stara Zagora Department, Space Research and Technology Institute,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Xiaochun Sun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Xicheng, Beijing, China
Sarah Symons McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Luıs Tirapicos Centro Interuniversitario de Historia das Ciencias e da Tecnologia,
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Gabrielle Vail Division of Social Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL,
USA
Daniel Martin Varisco Department of Anthropology, Hofstra University,
Hempstead, NY, USA
Frank Ventura University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Lorenzo Verderame “Sapienza” Universita di Roma, Rome, Italy
David Vogt Media & Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre (MAGIC) Laboratory,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Ray Williamson Secure World Foundation, Broomfield, CO, USA
Fengxian Xu Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Xicheng, Beijing, China
Contributors xxxv
Hong-Jin Yang Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
SohNam Institute for History of Astronomy (SIHA), Seoul, Republic of Korea
Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe Urnieta, Basque Country, Spain
Mauro Peppino Zedda Agora Nuragica, Cagliari, Italy
Mariusz Ziołkowski Centre for Precolumbian Studies, University of Warsaw,
Warsaw, Poland
Georg Zotti Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and
Virtual Archaeology, Vienna, Austria
R. Tom Zuidema University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
xxxvi Contributors