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Handbook of Flow Visualization
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Wen-Jei Yang Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Contents
Part 1 Fundamentals
1 Introduction 3 Wen-Jei Yang
2 Fluid Dynamics 9 Tsuyoshi Asanuma and Yoshimichi Tanida
I Introduction 9 II Nature of Fluid 9
III Fundamentals of Fluid Motion 11 IV Boundary Layers 13 V Compressible Flows 17
VI Flows under Buoyancy Effects 24 VII Basic Items Related to Flow Visualization 26
References 29
3 Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals for Flow Visualization 31 Wen-Jei Yang
I Introduction 31 II Transport Properties 31
III Transport-Rate Equations 31 IV Energy Balance Equation 32 V Conduction 33
VI Boundary Layers 34 VII Convection 35
VIII Radiation 35 IX Mass Transfer 38
References 39
Part 2 Methods
4 Liquids H. Werle
43
v
vi Contents
5 Gases: Smokes 47 Thomas } . Mueller
I Introduction 47 II Equipment and Techniques 48
III Examples of Smoke Visualization 56 IV Concluding Remarks 64
References 64
6 Spark Tracing and Electric Discharge 67 Y. Nakayama
I Spark-Tracing Method 67 II Electric-Discharge Method 84
References 96
7 Surface Tracing Methods 99 R. Reznicek
I Introduction 99 II The Use of Surface-Tracing Methods for Visualization of Liquid Flow 100
III The Use of Surface-Tracing Methods for Visualization of Gas Flow 102 References 109
8 Liquid Crystals 111 N. Kasagi, R. J. Moffat, and M. Hirata
111 112 114 118 122 128 128
131
131 135 136 165 178 178
10 Streaming Birefringence 181 W. Merzkirch
11 Optical Deflectometry by Speckle Photography 185 W. Merzkirch
185
185
189
190
190
193
I II
III IV V
VI
Introduction Physical and Chemical Properties Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Applications Applications Digital Image Processing Conclusion References
9 Tufts IP.
I II
in IV V
Crowder Introduction History Fundamentals Application Examples Conclusions References
I II II V V
Introduction Experimental Arrangement Laminar Flow Three-Dimensional Flow Turbulent Flow References
Contents vii
12 Showdowgraph and Schlieren Michel Philbert, Jean Surget, and Claude Ve'ret
I Light Propagation in a Heterogeneous Medium II Optical Visualization Methods
III Main Optical Arrangements Used for Flow Visualization in Wind Tunnels
IV Use of Optical Methods in Fluid Mechanics References
195
195 195
203 205 207
13 Interferometry Michel Philbert, Jean Surget, and Claude Veret
I Introduction II Description of Interferometers
III Implementation of Interferometry in Wind Tunnels IV Interferogram Data Processing
References
209
209 209 214 215 215
14 Light Sheet Technique Michel Philbert, Jean Surget, and Claude Veret
I Introduction II Description
III Applications to Flow Visualization IV Slit-Incandescent Light Sheet Technique
References
217
217
217
219
222
223
15 Planar Fluorescence Imaging in Gases Ronald K. Hanson and Jerry M. Seitzman
I Introduction II Laser-Induced Fluorescence
III Trends in Planar Imaging of Gases References
225
225 226 234 236
Part 3 Image Processing and Computer-Assisted Methods
16 Digital Processing of Interferograms Giovanni Maria Carlomagno and Armando Rapillo
I Introduction II Image Acquisition
III Interferogram Evaluation IV Applications
References
241
241
243
248
256
265
17 Optical Image Processing Lambertus Hesselink
I Introduction II Concepts of Modern Optics
III Examples of Fraunhofer Diffraction IV Modern Interpretation of Classical Instruments and
Optical Processors V Principles of Speckle Velocimetry
References
267
267 267 272
274 277 282
viii Contents
18 Ultrasonic Image Processing 283 Michiyoshi Kuwahara, Shigeru Eiho, and Kunihiro Chihara
I Introduction 283 II Automatic Analysis of M-Mode Echocardiograms 283
III Automatic Analysis of 2-D Echocardiograms 284 IV A Microcomputerized Image Processor for 2-D Echocardiography 287 V An Intracardiac Blood-Flow Image 290
References 294
19 Cardiac Image Processing 295 Shigeru Eiho and Michiyoshi Kuwahara
I Introduction 295 II Image Processing of Cineangiocardiograms 295
III Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Left Ventricle 300 References 309
20 Optical Tomography 311 Lambertus Hesselink
I Introduction 311 II Algebraic Reconstruction Technique 313
III Fourier Transform Approach 314 IV Back Projection 314 V Filtered Back Projection 315
VI Implementation 316 VII Evaluation of Optical Tomography in Flow Applications 328
References 330
21 Thermography 333 R. Monti
I Introduction 333 II Basic Principles of Noninvasive Surface Temperature
Measurement Systems 334 III Types of Thermographs 335 IV Modern Systems and Trends 336 V Surface Temperature Measurement 340
VI Flow Visualization 342 VII Other Applications 352
References 354
22 Flow Solutions 355 Robert E. Smith and Robert A. Kudlinski
I Introduction 355 II Computational Fluid Dynamics and Grids 355
III Computer-Generated Imagery and Flow-Field Visualization 356 IV Scalar Variable Presentation 357 V Workstation-Interactive Flow Visualization 359
VI Hard-Copy Devices 360 VII Conclusions 361
References 361
Contents ix
23 Flow-Field Survey Data 363 Allen E. Winkelmann
I Introduction 363 II Description of Technique 364
III Typical Applications 368 References 373
24 Computer-Aided Flow Visualization 375 C. R. Smith
375 375 383 386 389
I II
III IV
Part 4
Introduction Image Enhancement Image Reconstruction Image Synthesis References
Applications
25 Aerospace and Wind Tunnel G. S. Settles
I Introduction II Wind Tunnel Testing
III Other Aerospace Testing References
Testing 395
395 395 401 404
26 Smoke Flow Visualization in Large Wind Tunnels and Flight Testing Using the Flying-Strut Traverser 409 James P. Crowder
I Introduction 409 II Flying-Strut Traverser 409
III Smoke Generator 411 IV Visibility 413 V Application Examples 414
VI Concluding Remarks 415 References 415
27 Infrared Cameras for Boundary Layer Transition Visualization in Industrial Wind Tunnel and Flight Testing 417 James P. Crowder
I Introduction 417 II Fundamentals 418
III Application Examples 421 IV Concluding Remarks 422
References 422
28 Water Tunnel Testing 423 H. Werle
I Types of Water Tunnel Setups 423 II Examples of Applications 423
References 427
29 Internal Flows 429 K. C. Cheng
I Introduction 429 II Historical Perspective 429
x Contents
III Flow Phenomena in Internal Flows and Flow Visualization Techniques 435 IV Examples of Applications 445 V Concluding Remarks 459
References 463
30 Vortices 473 Peter Freymuth
I Introduction 473 II Conceptual Roots of Vortex Structures 473
III Vortex Interactions 476 IV The Choreographic Organization of Vortex Patterns 481 V Tapestries of Vortex Patterns 491
VI Three-Dimensional Vortices 492 VII Conclusion 492
References 492
31 Explosive Flows: Shock Tubes and Blast Waves 495 John M. Dewey
I Introduction 495 II Shock Tubes 495
III Blast Waves 501 IV Cameras and Light Sources 506 V Analysis 506
VI Future Developments 509 References 509
32 Interferometry in Heat and Mass Transfer on Earth and in Space 515 /. Koster and R. Owen
I Background 515 II Conventional Earth-Based Applications 517
III Low-Gravity Research Applications 520 References 525
33 Double-Diffusive Convection 529 Josef Tanny and A. B. Tsinober
I Introduction 529 II Optical Methods 530
III Marker Methods 536 IV Particle Methods 538 V Summary 542
References 544
34 Infrared Thermography in Convective Heat Transfer 547 Giovanni Maria Carlomagno and Luigi de Luca
I Basic Principles of Infrared Thermography 547 II The Computerized IR Imaging System 551
III The Use of IRSR to Measure Convective Heat Fluxes 552 IV Frequency Response of One-Dimensional Heat-Flux Sensors 554 V Application of IRSR to Quasisteady Techniques 556
VI Application of IRSR to Transient Techniques 557 VII Measuring Heat Transfer in Wind Tunnels 558
VIII Flow Visualizations and Heat Transfer Measurements 569 Nomenclature 570 References 573
Contents xi
35 Multiphase Flow and Pulsed-Light Velocimetry 577 Wen-Jet Yang
I Introduction 577 II Pulsed-Light Velocimetry 577
III Multiphase Flow 577 References 582
36 Gas Turbine Disk Cooling Flows 583 /. R. Pincombe
I Introduction 583 II Experimental Apparatus 585
III The Flow Around an Air-Cooled Turbine Disk 587 IV The Flow Around Air-Cooled, Co-Rotating Compressor Disks 590 V The Flow Around Air-Cooled, Co-Rotating Turbine Disks 593
VI The Flow in a Rotating Tube 597 References 603
37 Coronary Arteries 605 Hani N. Sabbah, Fareed Khaja, James F. Brymer, Thomas M. McFarland, and Paul D. Stein
I Introduction 605 II Method of Visualization 605
III Studies of the Right Coronary Artery 605 IV Studies of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery 607 V Evidence of Flow Separation in the Left and Right Coronary Arteries 608
VI Construction of the Coronary Mold 609 VII Flow in the Sinuses of Valsalva 609
VIII Flow Patterns in the Coronary Arteries 613 References 613
38 Cardiovascular Systems 615 Ajit P. Yoganathan, H.-W. Sung, E. F. Philpot, Y.-R. Woo, S. T. McMillan, A. Jimoh, and A. J. Ridgway
I Introduction 615 II Apparatus and Methodology 615
III Results and Discussion 620 References 628
39 Medicine and Biology 629 Wen-Jet Yang
I Introduction 629 II Conventional Flow Visualization Techniques 630
III Computer-Assisted Flow Visualization Techniques 635 References 643
40 Indoor Environments 645 G. S. Settles
I Introduction 645 II Model Testing and Scaling 645
III Room Ventilation 646 IV Solar Heating 646 V Industrial Ventilation 647
VI Clean-Room Technology 647 VII Large-Field Optical Visualization 648
References 649
xii Contents
41 Agriculture 651 Junta Doi
I Introduction 651 II Boundary Layer around Plant Leaves 651
III Flow around a Fish 653 IV Agricultural Meteorology 654 V Windbreaks 655
VI Flow outside Agricultural Buildings 655 VII Flow inside Agricultural Buildings 655
VIII Sprayers and Sprinklers 656 IX Food Technology 657 X Soil and Water 657
XI Soil and Grain 658 XII Concluding Remarks 659
References 659
42 Building Aerodynamics 661 W. Frank
I Introduction 661 II Experimental Arrangements 661
III Results 662 References 666
43 Land Vehicles 667 A. Cogotti
I The Main Characteristics of Flow Visualization Techniques for Land Vehicles 667
II Types of Land Vehicles Tested in Wind Tunnels 667 III Examples of the Main Techniques Used on Land Vehicles 668 IV Conclusions 682
References 682
Index 683
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