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Handwriting:Best Practices
Debbie Shatrowsky/Occupational Therapist
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Ergonomics• 90° rule- hips, knees, ankles• Trunk, neck and head vertically
aligned• Wrist in slight extension• Desktop 1” to 2” above elbow
when seated• Paper angled- right handed/right
corner up, left handed/left corner up
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Looking Out For Lefties• Preventing the “hook”• Left corner of paper elevated, okay for student to have an exaggerated slant• Left handed writers will sometimes pull into their hand which causes them to write from right to left, this is okay to allow
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Left handed• Slant left corner up• Okay to have
exaggerated slant
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Right handed• slant right corner
up
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Pencil GripDevelopmental sequence• Palmer 1- 2 years of age• Digital pronate- 2 to 3 years of
ageTransitional Grips• Static tripod- 3 ½ to 4 years of age• Dynamic or quadrupod - 4 ½ to 6 years of age
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Efficient Writing Grips
Dynamic Tripod
Quadrupod
Adapted Tripod
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Inefficient Grips
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Correcting GripTwist N Write Pencil- Office Depot, Educate and Celebrate, Amazon
Jumbo Big Grip
Grips available at Educate and Celebrate or therapyshoppe.com
Handiwriter- therapy shoppe.com
Crossover
Grotto Claw Grip
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Slant board• To decrease wrist
flexion• Visual difficulties
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Developmental Sequence of Prewriting
• Imitation-vertical, horizontal, circle• Copying ~ 2yr.10mo. vertical ~ 3 horizontal and circle ~ 4 to 4 yr. 11 mo. cross, diagonals, and X ~ 5 yrs. 3 mo. triangle (Beery-Buktenica
Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration)
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Developmental Approach to Handwriting
• Handwriting Without Tears® L F E H I – Verticals and horizontals U C O Q G S J D P B- lines and
curves R K A V M N W X Y Z- diagonals Uses a sensory motor approach
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Promoting Development of Fine-
Motor Skills• Sensory motor approach- rainbow letters• Whole arm to promote motor planning• Wet sponge• Air writing• Strengthening- incorporate pinching
activities: clothes pins, strawberry hullers for sorting small objects, cutting play-dough snakes, poker chip or bingo chip activities• Parents- encourage wheel barrel walking
with their child
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Promoting Proper Stroke, Number and Letter
Formation• Model sound handwriting
behaviors• Reading and writing follow the
same basic patterns - top to bottom, left to right
• Orally describe the pattern when introducing and practicing letter formation
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Promoting Proper Formation
• Stress correct starting point and formation of letters i.e. large writing on chalkboard, wet-dry-try, etc.
• Make sure the tool size is proportional to the hand size
• Forget the dot-to-dot use whole strokes when practicing writing
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Wet Dry Try
Adult writes letterStudent erases with wet sponge, dries, and then writes
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Ideas for fine-motor centers
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Teach letter sequencing and letter sounds with this poker chip alphabet sequencing activity with Leap Frog Fridge Phonics
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Filo from Beyond Play $25.
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Lakeshore products $60
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Lakeshore Products Alphabet Rubbing Plates $19.95
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HWTs Products
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HWTs Square Block Paper
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Integrating Handwriting and Reading Programs
Option 1: Separate the handwriting and reading sequence (remind students when letters and sounds have been previously taught)Option 2: Integrate the handwriting and reading sequence (when introducing letter
formation also introduce the sound/s and when introducing letter sounds use direct instruction for learn letter formation)Option 3: Follow the reading sequence when
introducing letter names and formation (Leanne Meisinger/Learning Specialist CCPS)
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When teaching handwriting keep in mind the basic principles of UDL and the four major channels of learning:• Visual learners learn through seeing.• Auditory learners prefer to listen• Tactile learners like to use their fine-motor
skills when learning• Kinesthetic learners need to use their bodies
in the learning process. They need to “do”. They are hands-on learners.
http://www.cast.org/udl/
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Resources• Amazon.com• Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration 6th
Ed.• Beyond Play- Products for Early Childhood and Special Needs
(beyondplay.com)• ccpsatot.wikispaces.com• Educate and Celebrate (http://www.learning-experts.com)• Handwriting Without Tears (hwtears.com)• Lakeshore Learning Materials (lakeshorelearning.com)• Leap Frog Products• Office Depot• Meisinger, Leanne /Learning Specialist CCPS• Therapyshoppe.com• UDL Principles (http://www.cast.org/udl/)