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The Harbour, Coastal and Oshore Engineering group o Deltares is leading the development and application o
research in innovative harbour and marina projects worldwide. Experience obtained in many decades o operation,
using state-o-the-art numerical tools and scale-model testing that is leading in technology, has resulted in our
strong position and record o accomplishments in this feld.
Design o ports, terminals, and marinas
The design o a new or extended layout o a port or
marina requires adequate attention to a large number
o marine aspects to guarantee sae and ecient portactivities. These include breakwater layout design,
revetment types or wave dissipation, wave disturbances
reaching berths, currents in the approach channel and
inside basins, ushing and water quality, sedimentation
and maintenance dredging, navigability, and mooring
designs. Deltares provides the broad knowledge o
physical processes that is required or considering the
complex hydrodynamic issues involved in these aspects.
A ull service covering all these elements is included in
the port and marina advice provided by Deltares.
In port and marina projects we have perormed studies
and used our expertise to advise clients on multiple
issues rom a scale inuencing the easibility o the
plans in general, including the layout o the port, down
to the details at the berth, such as required ender types
and mooring line distributions. Furthermore, we have
supported clients in making the design o marinas,
ranging rom small local marinas to major development
schemes, leading to comortable mooring conditions or
yachts.
In short, based on our knowledge o underlying physical
processes, our numerical tools and the available physical
modelling techniques and acilities we can oer adequate
and comprehensive support at all stages o the hydraulic
design o a port and marina design rom initial concept
to detailed dimensioning o project plans and mooring
acilities.
Harbour and marina development
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Services or key elements
Nautical aspects
The ultimate goal o a port or marina is to provide
sae and tranquil mooring locations or vessels.
Studies to achieve this can take the orm o expert
judgement evaluations o port layouts in an early
stage o the design process, up to comprehensive
numerical calculations or scale-model tests or detailed
port designs. In such evaluations the manoeuvres ovessels into and rom the port are considered as well as
manoeuvres near the berths. Also the motion behaviour
o the vessel moored at the quay is assessed.
Numerical calculations or nautical aspects are
made or manoeuvring and moored vessels. For
manoeuvring vessels the calculated or measured local
wave and current conditions are used to simulate
entry, departure, and berthing manoeuvres with our
in-house ast-time ship simulation soware SHIPMA.
Also the behaviour o vessels moored at a quay can
be simulated numerically or in a scale model. The
calculated or measured vessel motions are linked via
statistical models to estimate the downtime or various
port and berth layout congurations. Furthermore,
such measurements and calculations can be used to
optimise the port entry and mooring acilities, such as
enders and lines (number and type o lines, mooring
conguration).
Wind wave conditions
Calculations with detailed wave climate models and
wave penetration models transer deepwater wave
climates to the location o the port and to locations
inside the port, respectively. The wave conditions
inside the port, or marina, indicate whether criteria
or maximum allowable wave heights are met. Wave
penetration models are also an important tool oroptimising the port layout to reduce wave energy
entering the port. Furthermore, these models are used
to evaluate and optimise the eectiveness o wave
damping measures, such as sloped rock revetments,
with the aim to reach maximum wave tranquillity with
minimum construction eorts.
Examples o wave disturbance modelling include the
ports in Hong Kong (Container Terminal 9), India
(Ennore), France (Dunkirk), Egypt (El Dikheila), The
Netherlands (Rotterdam), and Spain (Almeria).
Long waves
Besides visible wind waves, hindrance to (moored)
vessels can also be caused by less apparent long waves,
with wave lengths up to several hundreds o meters.
Due to resonance, the amplitudes o these long waves
can increase inside harbour basins. These waves cause
hindrance during ofoading and have been known to
even cause ships to break moorings while the wind
wave criteria remained well within design limits. In
recent years, Deltares has also been a partner in a
Joint Industry Project (JIP) on this topic called sHAllowWAter Initiative (JIP HAWAI), in which 25 international
companies participated. Example locations o long-wave
studies by Deltares are ports in the Dominican Republic
(Caucedo), India (New Mangalore), Ireland (Dunmore),
and Yemen (Balha).
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Passing ships
Passing ships create wave disturbances that can cause
hindrance to berth operations and in some cases even
cause damage to mooring acilities. Such problems
have become more and more common in recent years
due to intensied use o port acilities. Deltares has
made studies o this phenomenon in ports or locations
worldwide, including Tampa (Florida, USA), Amsterdam,and Rotterdam (The Netherlands). Presently, Deltares
is one o the partners in the oreseen Joint Industry
Project (JIP) Ropes, which will be aimed at increasing
the knowledge and modelling capabilities in this eld.
Furthermore, Deltares is involved in a PIANC working
group aimed at dening updated criteria or maximum
motions o moored container vessels.
Tides and currents
The eciency o harbours and marinas is also
inuenced by currents and water level changes, e.g.
due to the tide. Local ow patterns during the dierent
tidal phases can include large tidal eddies and strong
velocity gradients near the port entrance that need
to be taken into account when considering vessel
manoeuvres.
Sedimentation and
dredging
Our numerical morphology
models can predict short-
term and long-term bed
changes or dredging
scenarios over decades o
port operation. Applying
such models leads to
signicant optimisation
o dredging operations or
port and entrance channel
Water level changes can cause
a port to be (temporarily)
inaccessible or deep-
draught vessels. In that
case, calculated tidal window
predictions indicate during
which time intervals such
vessels can enter the port.
Alternatively, the required
increased depth (and other
dimensions) o an entrance
channel can be provided based on a deterministic or
a probabilistic design in which also the response o a
vessel to the local wave conditions needs to be taken
into account.
Water quality
Long residence times o the water inside basins are an
indication o areas in a proposed layout o a marina (or
port) where potential water quality issues could arise.
To veriy this, the ushing characteristics o a port
or marina design can be assessed in detail with ournumerical ow models. These models can also be used
to review and propose mitigating measures that might
be required.
maintenance and consequently to more economical
designs. Example locations o sedimentation studies
include Spain (Santander), India (Gul o Khambat and
Gul o Kutch), Ireland (Waterord), UAE (Fujairah), and
The Netherlands (Rotterdam).
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Methods and approaches
Either a numerical, physical or a combined modelling
approach can be the most ecient way or obtaining
the inormation required or a project. In every project a
tailor-made approach is determined depending on the
clients questions. Deltares has state-o-the-art tools
and methods or both physical and numerical study
approaches. In-house developed numerical tools includea ast-time manoeuvring model (SHIPMA), a mild-slope
wave penetration model (PHAROS), and a Boussinesq-
type wave penetration model (TRITON). Additional
modelling tools are available in the orm o the Del3D
modelling system, including the SWAN wave module.
Physical modelling acilities include multiple wave
umes and a 50x50 m directional wave basin in which a
scaled local bathymetry and layout can be constructed.
Our clients
Our large national and international client base
includes government authorities (ministries, institutes
etc.), local authorities (municipalities, provinces),
consultants, contractors, private industrial clients,
and project developers. The circumstances in our
home country, a delta location with large port
development projects that is vulnerable to coastal
erosion and ooding, results in a close cooperation
with Dutch ministries and local authorities. Our
strong perormance in serving our local clients in The
Netherlands ensures the highest level o technology is
developed and also made available to our international
clients.
Further inormation
For urther inormation please contact:
M.P.C. de Jong +31 (0) 88 335 8596,
K.J. Bos +31 (0) 88 335 8231,
o the Harbour, Coastal, and Oshore Engineering
department o Deltares.
P.O. Box 177
2600 MH Del, The Netherlands
www.deltares.nl