Download - Harsha Enterprise(Foundry industry )
K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM
Table of content
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S.No CONTENT
1 Foundry industry
2 Company profile
3 Owner profile
4 Name of the items produced
5 Raw material
6 Procedure
7 Transportation
8 Name of the customer
9 Quality Factor
10 Safety to Employees
11 Employees benefits
12 Competitors
13 Advantages
14 Disadvantages
15 Bibliography
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Small Business
A small business is a business that is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and
relatively low volume of sales.
What is small scale industry?
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Small scale industrial units are those engaged in the manufacture, processing or preservation of goods and
whose investment in plant and machinery does not exceed Rs.1 crore.”
Registration to SSI is given by the District Industries Center (DIC).
Foundry Industry
The Indian Metal casting (Foundry Industry) is well established. According to the recent World Census
of Castings by Modern Castings, USA India Ranks as 2nd largest casting producer producing estimated
7.44 Million MT of various grades of Castings as per International standards.
The various types of castings which are produced are ferrous, on ferrous,Aluminium Alloy, graded cast
iron, ductile iron, Steel etc for application in Automobiles, Railways, Pumps Compressors & Valves,
Diesel Engines, Cement/Electrical/Textile Machinery, Aero & Sanitary pipes & Fittings etc & Castings
for special applications.However,Grey iron castings is the major share approx 70 % of total castings
produced.
There are approx 4500 units out of which 80% can be classified as Small Scale units & 10% each as
Medium & Large Scale units. Approx 500 units are having International Quality Accreditation. The
large foundries are modern & globally competitive & are working at nearly full capacity. Most foundries
use cupolas using LAM Coke. There is growing awareness about environment & many foundries are
switching over to induction furnaces & some units in Agra are changing over to coke less cupolas.
Indian Foundries.com brings together all the major players involved in the Indian Foundry industry. i.e.
The foundry manufacturers and exporters, the producers, suppliers and importers of raw materials,
machinery and equipment, the agents, quality controllers and other service providers, the federations and
institutions.
Facility to post casting requirements and tradefair, Foundry materials, Coimbatore foundries, Indian
foundries, foundry job seekers and foundry machineries.
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Company Profile
• Name of the company: Harsha Enterprise Or Harsha Metals
• It's a sole proprietary firm.
• Products manufactured: C I Graded Casting (Cast Iron )
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• Company situated in “Macchhe Industrial Area” in area of 900 sq.meters.
• Capital invested at the beginning of the commencement of the company Rs.27 Lakhs in the year 1997
• No of workers : 12 person
• Time:10-2 and 3-5
OWNERS PROFILE
• Name of the owner : Mr. Channabasappa C.Hondadkatti
• Qualification: B.E.( Associate Member of Institution of Engineers)
, Mechanical, (1979-1983), Completed degree in B.V.B
Engineering college Hubli.
• Worked in Bangalore for 4 years in company called Rajamane
Industries Pvt Ltd.
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• Now presently supplying our goods to the same company (Rajamane Industries Pvt Ltd
• Joint Secretary of the Belgaum Small Scale Industries Association (BSSIA).
• It is a association with KASSIA(Karnataka small scale Industries association (Bangalore)
• Life member of the Indian institute of Foundry men(ITF)
• It is registered in Delhi and Head office is also in Delhi.
• It’s regional office is in Bangalore
Name of the Items produced
• Motor Body
• Coolant pump body
• Dumbbell plates (GYM Equipments)
• Impellers & impeller casing etc
Motor body
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The company specializes in manufacturing of MOTOR BODY PART CASTING which are made up with high quality raw material so that make them durable and longs lasting. These Hastelloy Castings are designed and developed at our advanced equipments equipped manufacturing unit under the supervision of experts. All the castings are properly checked before final delivery to ensure international standards maintained during the manufacturing process.
We are manufacturer & supplier of MOTOR BODY PART CASTING. These machine parts are manufactured from excellent quality raw materials. Our machine parts can be custorized as per our customer requirements and it can be availed at industrial leading price.
Coolant Pump
A distinguished range of coolant pumps can be purchased from us within competitive prices. These are
fabricated using superior grade metals, which have high tensile strength and greater resistance to corrosion. This
pump is used in coolant technology around the world and it is certified by the top quality certification body of
the country
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Plate Type Dumbbells
We are manufacturer and exporter of Plate type dumbbells which is extensively used for body building and
fitness purposes. These are fabricated from superlative quality material using hi-tech process which ensures its
flawless functioning. It can also fabricated as per the mentioned requirements of any individual as well as
commercial sector. A well established Plate type dumbbells manufacturer brings forth for you enormous
exercise equipments at market leading price.
Impeller with Casing (RKG)
Empowered with our rich industrial expertise and experience, we have
emerged as one of the noted manufacturers, exporters and suppliers of
Impeller With Casing (RKG), which is used for increasing the pressure and
flow of a fluid. This engineered following stringent quality control measures
and is acclaimed in the market for its high operational efficiency and reliable
service life. Further, it is also easy to install and requires less maintenance.
Our portfolio includes all types of pump spares like shaft , sleeve, impeller,
casing, stuffing box and others.
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Features:
High efficiency
Better performance
Robustdesig
We provide customized solutions on our decorative castings on the following parameters:
Design
Material of construction
Size
RAW MATERIAL
1) Sand:
1) Green Sand (base sand):-Greensand or Green sand is either a sand or sandstone, which has a greenish
color. This term is specifically applied to shallow marine sediment that contains noticeable quantities of
rounded greenish grains. These grains are called glauconies and consist of a mixture of mixed-layer clay
minerals, such as smectite and glauconitic mica. Greensand is also loosely applied to any glauconitic
sedimen
2) Bentonite (binder):- Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially
impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after
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the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium(Al).
Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite
usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water
3) Patterns and moulding box : For preparation of the moulds.
2) Metal composition:
1. Cast iron or pig iron (form of an iron ore): It is imported from Goa from the company called Sesa Goa this is the main composition to produce casting.
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2. Coke: It is generally called as coal .Which helps to ignite fire and increase the temperature of the furnace which results in the melting of the pig iron.
3. It is imported from Ahmadabad its from the company called Balaji Coke
4. .Lime stone: It act as a flux, whose application is to separate the pure metal from impurities .
Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a
hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting,
which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or
various cold setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples
are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be
otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods.
Casting is a 6000 year old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.
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Pig iron
pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with a high-carbon fuel such as coke, usually
with limestone as a flux. Charcoal andanthracite have also been used as fuel.
Pig iron has a very high carbon content, typically 3.5–4.5%, which makes it
very brittle and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications.
The traditional shape of the molds used for these ingots was a branching
structure formed in sand, with many individual ingots at right angles to a
central channel or runner. Such a configuration is similar in appearance to a
litter of piglets suckling on a sow. When the metal had cooled and hardened,
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the smaller ingots (the pigs) were simply broken from the much thinner runner (the sow), hence the name pig
iron. As pig iron is intended for remelting, the uneven size of the ingots and the inclusion of small amounts of
sand caused only insignificant problems considering the ease of casting and handling them.
Cupola furnace
A cupola or cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, ni-resist
iron and some bronzes. The cupola can be made almost any practical size. The
size of a cupola is expressed in diameters and can range from 1.5 to 13 feet (0.5
to 4.0 m).[1] The overall shape is cylindrical and the equipment is arranged
vertically, usually supported by four legs. The overall look is similar to a
large smokestack.
The bottom of the cylinder is fitted with doors which swing down and out to
'drop bottom'. The top where gases escape can be open or fitted with a cap to
prevent rain from entering the cupola. To control emissions a cupola may be fitted with a cap that is designed to
pull the gases into a device to cool the gasses and remove particulate matter.
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The shell of the cupola, being usually made of steel, has refractory brick and refractory patching material lining
it. The bottom is lined in a similar manner but often a clay and sand mixture ("bod") may be used, as this lining
is temporary.Finely divided coal ("sea coal") can be mixed with the clay lining so when heated the coal
decomposes and the bod becomes slightly friable, easing the opening up of the tap holes. The bottom lining is
compressed or 'rammed' against the bottom doors. Some cupolas are fitted with cooling jackets to keep the sides
cool and with oxygen injection to make the coke fire burn hotter.
Air blower machine
A device that produces a continuous flow of air
Ladle Refining Furnaces
Ladle refining furnaces (LRFs) are used to desulfurize steels, remove other impurities and hold the molten steel for casting operations.
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Without LRFs, higher tap temperatures are normally required from steel making furnaces due to heat losses during refining with conventional ladles.
Costs of extended furnace time, refractory wear and power or fuel consumption can all be reduced using LRFs to perform holding and refining.
Reduced scrap melting capacity in basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) is another disadvantage of higher tap temperatures.
The ladle refining furnace also acts as a buffer between the steel making furnace (either BOF or electric
Arc furnace (EAF)) and the continuous caster, reducing casting costs and allowing greater flexibility in steel making operations.
Application and Benefits:
Ladle refining furnaces are used to increase productivity in steel-
making operations. By allowing the steel making furnaces to be
used exclusively as melting units, tap-to-tap times are decreased,
increasing the production capacity and decreasing overhead costs
per ton of steel produced. Flexible scheduling can result with LRFs,
steel can be held at the proper temperature while waiting for casting
availability
Sand Casting
Sand casting, also known as sand molded casting, is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as
the mold material.
It is relatively cheap and sufficiently refractory even for steel foundry use. A suitable bonding agent (usually
clay) is mixed or occurs with the sand. The mixture is moistened with water to develop strength and plasticity of
the clay and to make the aggregate suitable for molding. The term "sand casting" can also refer to an object
produced via the sand casting process. Sand castings are produced in specialized factories called foundries.
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Over 70% of all metal castings are produced via a sand casting process
Basic Process
There are six steps in this process:
1. Place a pattern in sand to create a mold.
2. Incorporate the pattern and sand in a gating system.
3. Remove the pattern.
4. Fill the mold cavity with molten metal.
5. Allow the metal to cool.
6. Break away the sand mold and remove the casting
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Components Patterns
Pattern (casting)
From the design, provided by an engineer or designer, a skilled pattern maker builds a pattern of the object to
be produced, using wood, metal, or a plastic such as expanded polystyrene. Sand can be ground, swept or
strickled into shape. The metal to be cast will contract during solidification, and this may be non-uniform due to
uneven cooling. Therefore, the pattern must be slightly larger than the finished product, a difference known
as contraction allowance. Pattern-makers are able to produce suitable patterns using 'Contraction rules' (these
are sometimes called "shrink allowance rulers" where the ruled markings are deliberately made to a larger
spacing according to the percentage of extra length needed). Different scaled rules are used for different metals
because each metal and alloy contracts by an amount distinct from all others. Patterns also have core prints that
create registers within the molds into which are placed sand cores. Such cores, sometimes reinforced by wires,
are used to create under cut profiles and cavities which cannot be molded with the cope and drag, such as the
interior passages of valves or cooling passages in engine blocks.
Paths for the entrance of metal into the mold cavity constitute the runner system and include the sprue, various
feeders which maintain a good metal 'feed', and in-gates which attach the runner system to the casting cavity.
Gas and steam generated during casting exit through the permeable sand or via risers, which are added either in
the pattern itself, or as separate pieces.
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Molding box and materials
A multi-part molding box (known as a casting flask, the top and bottom halves of which are known respectively
as the cope and drag) is prepared to receive the pattern. Molding boxes are made in segments that may be
latched to each other and to end closures. For a simple object—flat on one side—the lower portion of the box,
closed at the bottom, will be filled with molding sand. The sand is packed in through a vibratory process called
ramming and, in this case, periodically screeded level. The surface of the sand may then be stabilized with a
sizing compound. The pattern is placed on the sand and another molding box segment is added. Additional sand
is rammed over and around the pattern. Finally a cover is placed on the box and it is turned and unlatched, so
that the halves of the mold may be parted and the pattern with its sprue and vent patterns removed. Additional
sizing may be added and any defects introduced by the removal of the pattern are corrected. The box is closed
again. This forms a "green" mold which must be dried to receive the hot metal. If the mold is not sufficiently
dried a steam explosion can occur that can throw molten metal about. In some cases, the sand may be oiled
instead of moistened, which makes possible casting without waiting for the sand to dry. Sand may also be
bonded by chemical binders, such as furane resins or amine-hardened resins.
Chills:-
To control the solidification structure of the metal, it is possible to place metal plates, chills, in the mold. The
associated rapid local cooling will form a finer-grained structure and may form a somewhat harder metal at
these locations. In ferrous castings the effect is similar to quenching metals in forge work. The inner diameter of
an engine cylinder is made hard by a chilling core. In other metals chills may be used to promote directional
solidification of the casting. In controlling the way a casting freezes it is possible to prevent internal voids or
porosity inside castings.
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Cores:-
To produce cavities within the casting—such as for liquid cooling
in engine blocks and cylinder heads—negative forms are used to
produce cores. Usually sand-molded, cores are inserted into the casting box
after removal of the pattern. Whenever possible, designs are made that avoid
the use of cores, due to the additional set-up time and thus greater cost.
Two sets of castings (bronze and aluminum) from the above sand mold
With a completed mold at the appropriate moisture content, the box containing the sand mold is then positioned
for filling with molten metal—typically iron, steel, bronze, brass, aluminium, magnesium alloys, or various pot
metal alloys, which often include lead, tin, and zinc. After filling with liquid metal the box is set aside until the
metal is sufficiently cool to be strong. The sand is then removed revealing a rough casting that, in the case of
iron or steel, may still be glowing red. When casting with metals like iron or lead, which are significantly
heavier than the casting sand, the casting flask is often covered with a heavy plate to prevent a problem known
as floating the mold. Floating the mold occurs when the pressure of the metal pushes the sand above the mold
cavity out of shape, causing the casting to fail.
Left: Core box, with resulting (wire reinforced) cores directly below. Right:- Pattern (used with the core) and
the resulting casting below (the wires are from the remains of the core)
After casting, the cores are broken up by rods or shot and removed from the
casting. The metal from the sprue and risers is cut from the rough casting.
Various heat treatments may be applied to relieve stresses from the initial
cooling and to add hardness—in the case of steel or iron, by treatment—
like shot penning—that adds resistance to tensile cracking and smooth’s the
rough surface.
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Design requirements:-
The part to be made and its pattern must be designed to accommodate each stage of the process, as it must be
possible to remove the pattern without disturbing the molding sand and to have proper locations to receive and
position the cores. A slight taper, known as draft, must be used on surfaces perpendicular to the parting line, in
order to be able to remove the pattern from the mold. This requirement also applies to cores, as they must be
removed from the core box in which they are formed. The sprue and risers must be arranged to allow a proper
flow of metal and gasses within the mold in order to avoid an incomplete casting. Should a piece of core or
mold become dislodged it may be embedded in the final casting, forming a sand pit, which may render the
casting unusable. Gas pockets can cause internal voids. These may be immediately visible or may only be
revealed after extensive machining has been performed. For critical applications, or where the cost of wasted
effort is a factor, non-destructive testing methods may be applied before further work is performed.
Procedure
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A desired ratio from pig iron, coke and lime stone i.e.; 75% of Pig iron , 20 % of coke and 5% of lime
stone
Will be introduced in the furnace called (Cupola Furnace),and hot air will be blown to it
Due to the presence of coke and fire, the temperature will be increased up to 1400 deg C.
Resulting in the melting in the pig iron, the pure molten metal is collected from an outlet in a bucket
shaped contained called “laddle”
And the molten metal is poured in the moulds previously prepared using sand and patterns.
After solidification of the molten metal we get a desired shaped and sized casting..
Which will be later machined and transported to the customers
In general, we can distinguish between two methods of sand casting; the first one using green sand and the
second being the air set method.
Green sand:-
These expendable molds are made of wet sands that are used to make the mold's shape. The name comes from
the fact that wet sands are used in the molding process. Green sand is not green in color, but "green" in the
sense that it is used in a wet state (akin to green wood). Unlike the name suggests, "green sand" is not a type of
sand on its own, but is rather a mixture of:
Silica sand (SiO2), or chromite sand (FeCr2O), or zircon sand (ZrSiO4), 75 to 85%, or olivine, or staurolite,
or graphite.
bentonite (clay), 5 to 11%
water, 2 to 4%
inert sludge 3 to 5%
Anthracite (0 to 1%)
There are many recipes for the proportion of clay, but they all strike different balances between moldability,
surface finish, and ability of the hot molten metal to degas. The coal, typically referred to in foundries as sea-
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coal, which is present at a ratio of less than 5%, partially combusts in the presence of the molten metal leading
to offgassing of organic vapors. Green Sand for non-ferrous metals do not use coal additives since the CO
created is not effective to prevent oxidation. Green Sand for aluminum typically uses olivine sand (a mixture of
the minerals forsterite and fayalite which are made by crushing dunite rock). The choice of sand has a lot to do
with the temperature that the metal is poured. At the temperatures that copper and iron are poured, the clay gets
inactivated by the heat in that the montmorillonite is converted to illite, which is a non-expanding clay. Most
foundries do not have the very expensive equipment to remove the burned out clay and substitute new clay, so
instead, those that pour iron typically work with silica sand that is inexpensive compared to the other sands. As
the clay is burned out, newly mixed sand is added and some of the old sand is discarded or recycled into other
uses. Silica is the least desirable of the sands since metamorphic grains of silica sand have a tendency to
explode to form sub-micron sized particles when thermally shocked during pouring of the molds. These
particles are picked up by Brownian motion and can lead to silicosis in the workers. Iron foundries spend a lot
of energy on aggressive dust collection to capture that fine silica. The sand also has the dimensional instability
associated with the conversion of quartz from alpha quartz to beta quartz at 1250 degrees F. Often additives
such as wood flour are added to create a space for the grains to expand without deforming the mold. Olivine,
Chromite, etc. are used because they do not have a phase conversion that causes rapid expansion of the grains
plus they offer greater density which cools the metal faster and produces finer grain structures in the metal.
Since they are not metamorphic minerals, they do not have the polycrystals and subsequently do not form sub-
micron sized grains that are a health hazard.
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The "air set" method
The air set method uses dry sand bonded with materials other than clay, using a fast curing adhesive. The latter
may also be referred to as no bake mold casting. When these are used, they are collectively called "air set" sand
castings to distinguish them from "green sand" castings. Two types of molding sand are natural bonded (bank
sand) and synthetic (lake sand); the latter is generally preferred due to its more consistent composition.
With both methods, the sand mixture is packed around a pattern, forming a mold cavity. If necessary, a
temporary plug is placed in the sand and touching the pattern in order to later form a channel into which the
casting fluid can be poured. Air-set molds are often formed with the help of a two-part mold having a top and
bottom part, termed the cope and drag. The sand mixture is tamped down as it is added around the pattern, and
the final mold assembly is sometimes vibrated to compact the sand and fill any unwanted voids in the mold.
Then the pattern is removed along with the channel plug, leaving the mold cavity. The casting liquid (typically
molten metal) is then poured into the mold cavity. After the metal has solidified and cooled, the casting is
separated from the sand mold. There is typically no mold release agent, and the mold is generally destroyed in
the removal process.[2]
The accuracy of the casting is limited by the type of sand and the molding process. Sand castings made from
coarse green sand impart a rough texture to the surface, and this makes them easy to identify. Castings made
from fine green sand can shine as cast but are limited by the depth to width ratio of pockets in the pattern. Air-
set molds can produce castings with smoother surfaces than coarse green sand but this method is primarily
chosen when deep narrow pockets in the pattern are necessary, due to the expense of the plastic used in the
process. Air-set castings can typically be easily identified by the burnt color on the surface. The castings are
typically shot blasted to remove that burnt color. Surfaces can also be later ground and polished, for example
when making a large bell. After molding, the casting is covered with a residue of oxides, silicates and other
compounds. This residue can be removed by various means, such as grinding, or shot blasting.
During casting, some of the components of the sand mixture are lost in the thermal casting process. Green sand
can be reused after adjusting its composition to replenish the lost moisture and additives. The pattern itself can
be reused indefinitely to produce new sand molds. The sand molding process has been used for many centuries
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to produce castings manually. Since 1950, partially automated casting processes have been developed for
production lines.
Cold box:-
Uses organic and inorganic binders that strengthen the mold by chemically adhering to the sand. This type of
mold gets its name from not being baked in an oven like other sand mold types. This type of mold is more
accurate dimensionally than green-sand molds but is more expensive. Thus it is used only in applications that
necessitate it.
No bake molds:-
No bake molds are expendable sand molds, similar to typical sand molds, except they also contain a quick-
setting liquid resin and catalyst. Rather than being rammed, the molding sand is poured into the flask and held
until the resin solidifies, which occurs at room temperature. This type of molding also produces a better surface
finish than other types of sand molds.[3] Because no heat is involved it is called a cold-setting process. Common
flask materials that are used are wood, metal, and plastic. Common metals cast into no bake molds are brass,
iron ferrous, and aluminum alloys.
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Transportation
• Usually goods were transportated through Trucks and lories.
• Beside the goods should be supplied in the local city using Auto carrier.
Name of the customers
• Supply goods to various companies like:-
1) Rajamane industries Pvt.Ltd,Bangalore
2) Kirloskar Electric Company, Hubli.
3) NGEF (New Government Electrical factory)Ltd,Hubli
4) Position Engineering Corporation ,Belgaum
Again they supply the Gym equipments(Dumbbells and plates) to the leading sports outlet in Belgaum
and other cities like:-
5) Aurora sports,Bgm
6) Hanuman sports,Bgm
7) Dalvi sports,Bgm
8) Hira sports, Hubli
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Future plan
• As the business scale is increasing, the orders are increasing, demands an needs of the customers are
also increasing .
• Therefore their planning is to increase the rate of production in future by increasing and maintaining the
quality of the products.
• Planning to install new machines an Equipments
• To renovate the infrastructure of the company
• Planning to advertise the industry to the world by entering in to the multimedia like internet by opening
their official website etc.
Quality factor
Quality factor is a major factor of any small Scale Industry which will decide impression of the
Company.
They maintain all the records regarding the quality and try to improve and maintain the same in future
All the mechanical properties such as Hardness,Brittleness,Roughness will be tested and recorded in the
quality test sheet
SAFETY TO EMPLOYEES
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• Safety Gogal
• Safety Gogal Welding.
• Face shild.
• Safety shoes.
• Hand Gloves(Leather)
• Hand Gloves(Rubber)
• Affron
Employees benefit
1) They have made certain amount of savings in the bank in the name of the Employee Inividually , which
will be given to them at the time of retiring from the company along with the interest
2) E.S.I (Employees State Insurance)is made on each and every employees which is very helpful to the
employees.
E.S.I
Employees’ State Insurance Scheme of India, is a multidimensional social security system tailored to
provide socio-economic protection to worker population and their dependants covered under the
scheme. Besides full medical care for self and dependants, that is admissible from day one of insurable
employment, the insured persons are also entitled to a variety of cash benefits in times of physical
distress due to sickness, temporary or permanent disablement etc. resulting in loss of earning capacity,
the confinement in respect of insured women, dependants of insured persons who die in industrial
accidents or because of employment injury or occupational hazard are entitled to a monthly pension
called the dependants benefit.
Competitors
BUSINESS AWARENESS -II
K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM
• As belgaum is one of the leading producers of castings in India, then obviously there are lot of
companies including in such a kind of business.
• Therefore there is a lot of Competition in this business .
Some of them re:-
VLS Metals Kudale Iron Works Abhishek Alloys Sai Alloys Venketesh Iron works Lakshmi Iron works etc
Advantage
• Quality of Product.
• Take care of labours
• Take care of their safety etc.
Disadvantage
• Labours Problem
• Raw material shortage
• Electricity etc
Biblography
BUSINESS AWARENESS -II
K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM
www.google.com
By the Company Manual.
BUSINESS AWARENESS -II