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Scaling Community Cellular Networks with CCM
ShaddiHasan
Mary Claire Barela
MatthewJohnson
Eric Brewer
KurtisHeimerl
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Thanks!CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF
Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball,Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev,
UP VBTS team,Globe Konekt team,
...so many others!
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GSMA (2016)
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“In most countries, even in Africa, mobile operators have already rolled out 2G and 3G network coverage as far as possible within the envelope of a commercially sustainable business model.”
GSMA, “Understanding the Economics of Network Coverage Expansion” (2017)
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1.7 billionPeople outside mobile broadband coverage
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400 millionPeople outside any mobile coverage
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Community Cellular Networks
Built by and for their users
Run cooperatively
Optimized for local needs
Leveraging local resources
Providing local services
Sustainable in rural areas
Rhizomatica (Mexico)
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Scale of telcos
Reach of community networks
+
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CommunityCellularManager
github.com/co-cell/ccm
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3 years17 sites
2.8K peopleTelco partner
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InternetVoice/SMS
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
$
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
$
1. No flexibility across sites
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
$
1. No flexibility across sites2. Doesn’t degrade gracefully
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
$
1. No flexibility across sites2. Doesn’t degrade gracefully3. Modifying mobile core is expensive
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Mobile Core Network
InternetVoice/SMS
$
1. No flexibility across sites2. Doesn’t degrade gracefully3. Modifying mobile core is expensive
Centralize ManagementDecentralize Network Services
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CCM is 2G only.40% of devices only support 2G.*
LTE/5G is not [yet] relevant in our context.
*Shah et al., “An Investigation of Phone Upgrades in Remote Community Cellular Networks.” ICTD 2017.
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InternetVoice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
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Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Controller
Internet
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Internet
Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM ControllerTelco
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Internet
Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM ControllerTelco
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Internet
Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Controller
$
Telco
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Internet
Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Controller
$
Telco
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Internet
Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Controller
$
Telco
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Internet
Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Controller
$
Telco
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Internet
Voice/SMS
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM Client
CCM ControllerTelco
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Synchronizing state: Checkin
Request (Client -> Controller){
‘status’: {
‘active_users’: 24,
‘ran_load’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: [
[15, ‘IMSI123’, ‘out_sms’, ...],
[16, ‘IMSI345’, ‘transfer’, ...],
],
‘modified_subs’: [...],
‘ctx’: {...}
}
Response (Controller -> Client){
‘config’: {
‘radio_band’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: {‘seqno’: 16}
‘subscribers’: [...]
}
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Synchronizing state: Checkin
CCM Client CCM Controller
{
‘status’: {
‘active_users’: 24,
‘ran_load’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: [
[15, ‘IMSI123’, ‘out_sms’, ...],
[16, ‘IMSI345’, ‘transfer’, ...],
],
‘modified_subs’: [...],
}
HTTP POST
DBDB{
‘status’: {
‘active_users’: 24,
‘ran_load’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: [
[15, ‘IMSI123’, ‘out_sms’, ...],
[16, ‘IMSI345’, ‘transfer’, ...],
],
‘modified_subs’: [...],
}
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Synchronizing state: Checkin
CCM Client CCM Controller200 OK
DBDB {
‘config’: {
‘radio_band’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: {‘seqno’: 16}
‘subscribers’: [...]
}
{
‘config’: {
‘radio_band’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: {‘seqno’: 16}
‘subscribers’: [...]
}
{ctx: { ‘config’: ‘b9ba2..’, ‘events’: ‘12f3b..’, ...}
{ctx: { ‘config’: ‘b9ba2..’, ‘events’: ‘12f3b..’, ...}
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{ctx: { ‘config’: ‘b9ba2..’, ‘events’: ‘12f3b..’, ...}
{ctx: { ‘config’: ‘b9ba2..’, ‘events’: ‘a3414..’, ...}
Synchronizing state: Checkin
CCM Client CCM Controller
DBDB{
‘status’: {
‘active_users’: 24,
‘ran_load’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: [
[17, ‘IMSI123’, ‘out_sms’, ...],
[18, ‘IMSI345’, ‘transfer’, ...],
],
‘modified_subs’: [...],
‘ctx’: {...}
}
{
‘status’: {
‘active_users’: 24,
‘ran_load’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: [
[17, ‘IMSI123’, ‘out_sms’, ...],
[18, ‘IMSI345’, ‘transfer’, ...],
],
‘modified_subs’: [...],
‘ctx’: {...}
}
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Synchronizing state: Checkin
CCM Client CCM Controller
DBDB {
‘config’: {
‘radio_band’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: {‘seqno’: 16}
‘subscribers’: [...]
}
{
‘config’: {
‘radio_band’: 51,
...
},
‘events’: {‘seqno’: 16}
‘subscribers’: [...]
}
{ctx: { ‘config’: ‘b9ba2..’, ‘events’: ‘a3414..’, ...}
{ctx: { ‘config’: ‘b9ba2..’, ‘events’: ‘a3414..’, ...}
{
‘events’: {‘seqno’: 18}
}
{
‘events’: {‘seqno’: 18}
}
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Synchronizing state: Billing
CCM Client
CCM ControllerDB
DB
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 200}
}
Balance: 300
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Synchronizing state: Billing
CCM Client
CCM ControllerDB
DB
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 250}
}
Balance: 250
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Synchronizing state: Billing
CCM Client
CCM ControllerDB
DB
CCM Client
DB
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 250}
}
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 250}
}
Balance: 250 Balance: 250
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Synchronizing state: Billing
CCM Client
CCM ControllerDB
DB
CCM Client
DB
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 250}
‘bts2’:{‘+’: 0, ‘-’: 250}
}
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 250}
}
Balance: 250 Balance: 0
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Synchronizing state: Billing
CCM Client
CCM ControllerDB
DB
CCM Client
DB
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 250}
‘bts2’:{‘+’: 0, ‘-’: 250}
}
IMSI123:
{‘bts1’:{‘+’: 500, ‘-’: 250}
‘bts2’:{‘+’: 0, ‘-’: 250}
}
Balance: 0 Balance: 0
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Deployment and Evaluation
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UP SitesSabang-LimbokDikapinisanDibutDiotorinBacong-MarketDianao
Globe SitesTanayTalisayBinobohanGinulaganBalogoCasalaanBanat-iMayaposiGolden ValleySan MarianoBinucayan
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Globe
UP
![Page 44: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Globe
UP
>50k hrs calls>3M SMS
![Page 45: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
~$18,000
![Page 46: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Online (1hr)Offline (1hr)
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Online (1hr)Offline (1hr)
Intermittent outages
Consistently online
Extended outage
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Online (1hr)Offline (1hr)65%
downtime!
![Page 49: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Cause Example
Backhaul VSAT outage due to weather
Power Discharged batteries
Site hardware Overheating
Site RF Damaged RF cables
Other Software bug
Outage causes in UP sites
![Page 50: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Backhaul
Power
HW Failure
RF Failure
Other
Outage causes in UP sites
%age of incidents by duration
42%
24%
21%
12%
<1%
![Page 51: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Backhaul
Power
HW Failure
RF Failure
Other
Outage causes in UP sites
42%
24%
21%
12%
<1%
Addressed by disconnected operation!
%age of incidents by duration
![Page 52: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
+19% local calls + SMS
+16% credit transfers (sales)
![Page 53: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Request, raw
Request, optimized
Response, raw
Response, optimized
![Page 54: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
< 2.8kB (6 sec call)@ 50th %tile
Request, raw
Request, optimized
Response, raw
Response, optimized
![Page 55: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
< 392kB (40 sec call)@ 99th %tile
(~90% savings)
Request, raw
Request, optimized
Response, raw
Response, optimized
![Page 56: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Local ServicesUP Sites- “Repair manual” SMS app- Promotional billing- SMS outage hotline
![Page 57: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What next?
![Page 58: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
LTE changes everything.
![Page 59: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
LTE changeseverything many things.
![Page 60: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Wireless ISP deploying fixed broadband with LTE.Peru, 2017
![Page 62: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Community network deploying LTE.
Indonesia, 2019
![Page 63: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Open source LTE
● Magma (Facebook)github.com/facebookincubator/magma
● CoLTE (U. Washington)github.com/uw-ictd/colte
● OpenAir-CN (OpenAirInterface Alliance)github.com/OPENAIRINTERFACE/openair-cn
● NextEPCgithub.com/acetcom/nextepc
![Page 64: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
CommunityCellularManager
1. Provides autonomy for community cellular networks2. Degrades gracefully in the face of failures3. Enables cooperation between community cellular
networks and telcos4. Supports the largest community cellular network
deployment to date
![Page 66: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
CCM Core + API(HTTP)
GSM Core + RAN (e.g., Osmocom)
SIP Switch
Billing
Config + SubDB
VPN
Local Apps
GSM API
CCM Controller
![Page 67: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Voice/SMSCCM Controller
Telco
CCM Core + API(HTTP)
GSM Core + RAN (e.g., Osmocom)
SIPSwitch
Billing
Config + SubDB
VPN
Local Apps
GSM API
![Page 68: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Voice/SMSCCM Controller
Telco
CCM Core + API(HTTP)
GSM Core + RAN (e.g., Osmocom)
SIP Switch
Billing
Config + SubDB
VPN
Local Apps
GSM API
$
![Page 69: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Controller API
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Config + SubDB
Load Balancer
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Web UI
VPN
Phone Numbers
Async Worker
CCM Site 1 CCM Site 2
Spectrum
Licenses
CCM Site 3 CCM Site N
CCM Controller
Telco Core
CCM Sites
![Page 70: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
CCM Site 1 CCM Site 2 CCM Site 3 CCM Site N
SMPP + SIP Gateway Phone Numbers
Spectrum
Licenses
Controller API
Config + SubDB
Load Balancer
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Web UI
VPN
Async Worker
CCM Controller
Telco Core
![Page 71: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
CCM Site 1 CCM Site 2 CCM Site 3 CCM Site N
SMPP + SIP Gateway Phone Numbers
Spectrum
Licenses
Controller API
Config + SubDB
Load Balancer
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Web UI
VPN
Async Worker
CCM Controller
Telco Core
![Page 72: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
CCM Site 1 CCM Site 2 CCM Site 3 CCM Site N
SMPP + SIP Gateway Phone Numbers
Spectrum
Licenses
Controller API
Config + SubDB
Load Balancer
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Web UI
VPN
Async Worker
CCM Controller
Telco Core
![Page 73: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
CCM Site 1 CCM Site 2 CCM Site 3 CCM Site N
SMPP + SIP Gateway Phone Numbers
Spectrum
Licenses
Controller API
Config + SubDB
Load Balancer
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Web UI
VPN
Async Worker
CCM Controller
Telco Core
![Page 74: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
CCM Controller
Controller API
Globe Core
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Config + SubDB
Load
Balan
cer
SMPP + SIP Gateway
Web UI
VP
NPhone Numbers Async Worker
CCM Clients
UP Site 1
UP Site N
Globe Site 1
Globe Site N
Spectrum
Licenses
![Page 75: Hasan Barela Johnson Brewer Heimerl Scaling Community ... · Thanks! CHED, PCARI, Facebook, USAID, NSF Omar Ramadan, Matt Ball, Steve Muir, Evgeiny Makeev, UP VBTS team, Globe Konekt](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f77de1837ffcb02f03c32cc/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Autonomy for the community.Every site should be able to provide service without reliance on external systems.