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HAVE-progressive in Modern Persian: A Case of Pattern Replication?
ConCALL, October 7-9, 2016
Narges Nematollahi, Indiana University
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Present progressive
Past progressive
dāšt-im šām mi-khord-imhad-1PL dinner IMPFV-ate-1PL
We were eating dinner.
ādam-hā dār-and mi-āy-andperson-PL have-3PL IMPFV-come-3PL
People are coming.
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First reports on HAVE-progressive• Zhukovski (1888) mentions two forms: in Tehrani dialect/standard
variety (dār-e mi-raqs-e) and in a dialect near Isfahan (dāru yue)
• Mihraban and Browne (1897) record two forms: in the Gabri dialect (dor-en o čar-en) and in the standard variety (dār-and mi-čar-and)
• First attestation in literary works: 1907 in satirical essays of a newspaper (dār-and mi-āy-and) and (dāštand mi-āvardand)
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Semantic/syntactic peculiarities of HAVE-progressive
• Bybee et al. (1994)’s study of progressive in various language families: no language uses ‘have’ to mark the progressive aspect English: auxiliary BE + gerundFrench: (optionally) en train de ‘in the process of’ + infinitiveItalian: (optionally) the auxiliary STAND + gerundTajik: the auxiliary STAND + gerundDari: da hål-e “in the act of” + infinitive
• Both the auxiliary and the main verb are fully conjugated
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Three proposals for the origin of HAVE-progressive
• Pistoso (1974), Shokri (2015): borrowing from the Māzandarānilanguage : der-me kem-me “I am doing”
• Jeremias (1993): periphrastic constructions with HAVE in classical Persian which mark the perfect tenses
• Nematollahi (2014): Serial Verb Constructions in colloquial Persian with the verb bar dāštan ‘to set off’
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Three proposals for the origin of HAVE-progressive
• Pistoso (1974), Shokri (2015): borrowing from the Māzandarānilanguage : der-me kem-me “I am doing” CONTACT-INDUCED
• Jeremias (1993): periphrastic constructions with HAVE in classical Persian which mark the perfect tenses INTERNAL
• Nematollahi (2014): Serial Verb Constructions in colloquial Persian with the verb bar dāštan ‘to set off’ INTERNAL
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Borrowing from the Mazandarani language into the Standard variety
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Purpose of this study:
• To elaborate the first proposal (the northern influence hypothesis) in the light of recent theories in contact linguistics, particularly the model of pivot-matching in (Matres & Sakel 2007)
• To Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis
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Progressive aspect in Iranian dialects/languages
Source of data: Descriptive Dictionary of Linguistic Varieties in Iran (Kalbāsī 2009) 143 dialects/languages
Typology of Iranian Languages (Dabīr Muqaddam 2013)16 languages/group of languages
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Eight different strategies to mark the progressive1- No distinct morphology2- use of fixed words like xærɪk ‘busy’ + the infinitive of the main verb...7- HAVE-progressive (in Persian and its varieties as well as in many other dialects)8- BE-progressive / LOCATIVE BE-progressive (in certain dialects spoken in central Iran and in Māzandarāni dialects)
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BE-progressive in Aftari (Central dialects)
LOCATIVE BE-progressive in Soleyman Abadi (Māzandarāni dialects)
“I was telling my child”
1) hoštun vače de da bošt-i mi-vāt=amoneself child to was-1SG IMPFV-said=1SG
2) dā bā-m mi vače-ye got-om(loc)was-1SG my child said-1SG
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Aftari (Central dialect)
Soleyman Abadi (Māzandarāni dialects)
“Where is my child?”
mon vače kojā dar-a ?my child where is-3SG
mi vače kojār dar-e ?my child where (loc)is-3SG
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Progressive paradigm in a Māzandarāni dialect
Present PastSingular Plural Singular Plural
1st dar-eme kār-me dar-emi kār-me day-me kāšt-eme day-mi kāšt-emi
2nd dar-i kār-ni dar-eni kār-neni day kāšti day-ni kāšt-eni
3rd dar-e kār-ne dar-ene kār-nene day-ye kāšt-e day-ne kāšt-ene
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Pattern replication in (Matres & Sakel 2007)
1- The bilingual identifies a pivotal feature of the model construction in the Model Language (ML)
2- He looks for an appropriate matching construction in the Replica Language (RL), based on
- Semantic similarities (MOST ACTIVE FORCE)- Morphosyntactic similarities - Phonological similarities (MARGINAL, yet “attested in the pivot-
matching processes”)
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PAT in the northern influence hypothesis1- Some bilinguals of the northern language (Model language=ML) and Persian (Replica language=RL) started to replicate the progressive construction of ML in RL.
2- They re-analyze the auxiliary dar- in ML as dār- in RL (phonological similarity)
locative-be progressive in ML ----> have-progressive in RL
3- Have-progressive in RL was taken on by monolinguals of Persian and was extended to past tense too.
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Hypothesis: HAVE-progressive as the result of PATMazandarani Persian
(1) Pattern Replication (2) Extension of the replicated form to the past tense
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Some doubts about the hypothesis:
- The probability of borrowing from a smaller, local language into themore widespread and dominant national language
- Diachronic data
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Alternative HypothesisPersian Mazandarani
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Diachronic data- A selection of poems of Amir Pāzvāri, written probably in the 17th
century, does not show any case of periphrastic progressive forms
- In a Māzandarāni text written in 1889: two cases of progressive forms (Borjian 2008)present progressive form with ‘locative be’: dar-ə mir-nə ‘he is dying’ past progressive form with ‘have’: dāšt-ə ši-ə ‘he was going’
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Alternative HypothesisPersian Mazandarani
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Northern influence hypothesis vs. alternative hypothesis
• Northern influence hypothesis is more typologically sound: many languages use ‘(locative)-be’ as their progressive auxiliary.No language uses ‘have’.
• Alternative hypothesis is more sound in terms of, social positions of Persian and Māzandarāni language,the diachronic data.