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HCI for on-line Learning
Alan Dix
Lancaster University
www.hcibook.com/alan
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what I’ll talk about
• what is HCI– some issues and guidelines
• top down analysis of e-learning– from economics down
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what isHuman–Computer
Interaction?
• not just the screen design!
• every aspect that affects the user
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broader HCI issues
• stakeholders• user’s model of systems• task analysis• organisation
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Internet and CSCW (computer-supported cooperative
work)
• value– lots of decision points
• marketing– what you say matters
• community
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… but details matter tooexample – colours
• styles– cold north west - drab, low contrast– hot south east - bright, movement
• human eye– contrast not colour– distractions
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good use of colour
• using conventions (red for alarms etc.)
• ‘branding’ parts of an interface• occasional emphasis• redundant coding
– i.e. in addition to other means• e.g. web link colours - also underlined
– for diagrams, etc.
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bad use of colour
• over use - without very good reason (e.g. kids’ site)
• colour blindness• poor use of contrast• do adjust your set!
– adjust your monitor to greys only– can you still read your screen?
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four rules of navigation
• knowing where you’ve been– or what you’ve done
• knowing where you are• knowing what you can do• knowing where you are going
– or what will happen
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navigation and e-learning
• ? where you are going when you haven’t learnt it yet!
• history is complicated• overviews and maps• breaking rules for pedagogy
• suspense – don’t say what’s coming• control – only progress when allowed
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the golden rule of design
understand your materials
…, people, machines, learning models
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physical things
• directness of effect– push and it moves
• locality of effect– here and now
• visibility of state– small number of relevant parameters
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what’s special about computers?
• complexity of effect– computation
• non locality of effect– in space – networks– in time – memory
• hidden state– large number of invisible variables
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understanding the media
• time• network delays, initialisation, layout time
• space• screen size, fonts and spacing, precise location
• colour• ‘safe’ 216 ...
• interaction• standard navigation ++
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design of pages
content rich heavy text v.simage rich CD ROM style
or ...
the quick and the dead
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interactions
• internet delay experiment– fast (1 s) and slow (5 s) delays– menu-based information system– perfomance: time & accuracy– post test questions
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interactions
• internet delay experiment– fast (1 s) and slow (5 s) delays, menu-based information
system, perfomance: time & accuracy, post test questions
• results– longer delays slower performance– longer delays better memory
why?
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interactions
• internet delay experiment– longer delays slower performance– longer delays better memory
• why? – reading during gaps
– interstitial learning
– high cost of failure – more concentration – more ‘processing’
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education top down
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what is the core business of an educational
institution?
• Education teaching and learning e-learning
• Validated certificates e-exams, e-assessment ?
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economics of education
Professor Alan’s formula!
Student–Staff Ratio Student Contact Hours
= Class Size Staff Contact Hours
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e-learning?
Effective Class Size =
Students per Cohort Nos. of Cohorts in Course Lifetime
Preparation Hours per Delivery Hour (relative to normal delivery)
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user interfaces
• development• choice of content, design of materials
• management• monitoring progress, marks, etc.• the oldest IT systems in education!
• learning• student and staff together
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IT in learning?
• information• communication
– c.f. Ann Light
• simulation• as tool
– Note taking etc, e.g. classroom 2000
• as actor (teacher, assistant)– Elisa, student models
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information
• paper– narrative & sequential
• web– episodic & non-linear
• knowledge is non-linear …• … but much of memory is
(e.g. bus tours)
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communication
• who:• student–teacher, student–student
• how:• public or private
• issues • timeliness, notification, belonging
• efficiency?• email vs. FAQ … process
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communicationthink about dynamics
• process matters– email => FAQ … more efficient?– lost sense of community
• start-up– good when everyone uses it?– zero point value
• freshness– bulletin board or web pages– need constant change or notification
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simulation
• faster than life• economic models
• more accessible than life• virtual landscapes
• more flexible than life• physics and ARK• biased and correlated coins
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as tool – eClass
Georgia Tech, Atlanta
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fce/c2000/
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lecture using liveboard - electronic whiteboard
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‘write’ on electronic slides
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later … student’s replay slides, audio and video
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eClass - lessons
• low intrusion (during lecture)
• no interpretation
• indexing (c.f. video)
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as teacher
• early detection– e.g. spelling checking– N.B. no learning of bad habits
• low judgement