Abstract: The purpose of this report is to assess real changes in the costs of health care and health insurance in the U.S. and in 18 major metropolitan areas in the U.S. from 1998 to 2008. Additionally, this report identifies age groups that have experienced the largest increases in their health care costs and health insurance costs during this time period. Published: January 2010
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Health Care Trends Analysis of Real Changes in U.S. Health Care and Health Insurance Costs from 1998 to 2008
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Table of Contents Summary of Key Findings ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 U.S. Health Care Costs .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 U.S. Health Care Costs by Age ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 U.S. Health Insurance Costs by Age .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Health Insurance as a Percent of Total Health Care Costs ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 U.S. Changes in Income, Health Care, and Health Insurance Costs ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 U.S. Health Care Costs as a Percent of Income ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Western Metro Areas .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Northeastern Metro Areas ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Southern Metro Areas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Midwestern Metro Areas .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 U.S. Metro Area Income Changes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 U.S. Metro Area Health Care Cost Changes ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Differences Between Health Care Cost and Income Changes ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 Health Care Costs as a Percent of Income by Metro Area .................................................................................................................................................................... 18 U.S. Metro Area Health Care Costs ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
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“ Health Care Insight
Clearly, getting spiraling health insurance costs under control is the key to stabilizing health care costs for all Americans.
Some Americans have seen their incomes grow just as fast as or faster than their health care costs. Thus the financial adversity caused by increasing health care costs is not equally shared among all Americans.
Americans now have to make more incremental economic choices such as paying their insurance co-payment to see a doctor or to purchase a day’s worth of groceries for their family. In fact, Americans age 65 and above are most likely to face such economic choices as their health care costs as a percent of their income are almost three times higher than other Americans.
—Jason S. Rodriguez, Zpryme CEO & Director of Research
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Purpose
The purpose of this report is to assess real changes in the costs of health care and health insurance in the U.S. and in 18 major metropolitan areas in the U.S. from 1998 to 2008. Additionally, this report analyzes the change in average annual income for U.S. consumers. Last, this report identifies age groups that have experienced the largest increases in their health care costs and health insurance costs from 1998 to 2008. Inflation Adjustment and Data Sources In this analysis Zpryme standardized U.S. historical annual average income, health care costs, and health insurance costs from 1998 to 2008 using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers. In this analysis all values are converted to 2008 constant dollars. Due to inflation, the purchasing power of the dollar changes over time, so in order to compare dollar values from one year to another they need to be converted to constant dollar values. By adjusting for inflation, we can uncover the real growth in annual average health care costs and health insurance costs from 1998 to 2008. Data for this analysis was obtained from the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index.
Summary of Key Findings
In 2008, health insurance costs accounted for 56.0% of total health care costs versus 48.0% of total health care costs in 1998.
From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health care costs for consumers age 55-64, 65-74, and 75 and up increased by $975, $905, and $532, respectively.
From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health insurance costs for consumers age 65-74 and 75 and up increased by $855 and $798, respectively.
From 1998 to 2008, health insurance costs as a percent of total health care costs increased across all age groups in this analysis.
From 1998 to 2008, among all U.S. consumers, inflation adjusted income, health care, and health insurance costs increased by 16.0%, 18.0%, and 37.0%, respectively. Health care and health insurance costs increased the most among 55-64 year-olds.
In 2008, health care costs as a percent of total income were highest among consumers age 65 and up.
From 1998 to 2008, Cleveland, Seattle, San Francisco, Boston, Phoenix, and Minneapolis-St. Paul experienced the greatest increase in their health care costs relative to their increase in income.
After adjusting for inflation, 16 out of the 18 U.S. metro areas in this analysis experienced an increase in their health care costs from 1998 to 2008.
All 18 U.S. metro areas in this analysis experienced an increase in their average annual income from 1998 to 2008.
From 1998 to 2008, health care costs as a percent of total income increased for 10 of the metro areas in this analysis and decreased for 8 of the metro areas in this analysis.
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U.S. Health Care Costs From 1998 to 2008, U.S. inflation adjusted health care costs increased from $2,514 to $2,976. During this time period, inflation adjusted health insurance costs increased from $1,206 to $1,653. In 2008, health insurance costs accounted for 56.0% of total health care costs versus 48.0% of total health care costs in 1998.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
$2,514 $2,532$2,583
$2,653
$2,813 $2,828
$2,934 $2,937 $2,954 $2,963 $2,976
$1,206 $1,193 $1,229$1,290
$1,398$1,465
$1,518 $1,500$1,565
$1,604$1,653
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Average U.S. Health Care and Health Insurance Costs, 1998 – 2008(inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Health care Health insurance
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U.S. Health Care Costs by Age As expected, higher inflation adjusted health care costs are strongly related to the age of consumers. From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health care costs for consumers age 55-64, 65-74, and 75 and up increased by $975, $905, and $532, respectively. Consumers under 25 and 25-54 experienced the smallest increases in their health care costs when compared to the other age groups in this analysis.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
$588$712
$630 $644$766
$639$745 $776 $754
$831
$682
$1,565 $1,512 $1,570 $1,563$1,696 $1,718 $1,731 $1,678
$1,764 $1,807$1,737
$2,230$2,108
$2,218$2,284
$2,370$2,464
$2,579$2,505
$2,439 $2,404$2,499
$2,887
$2,821$2,751 $2,754
$3,052$2,901
$3,072$2,946 $2,944 $2,899 $2,930
$2,850
$3,166 $3,136$3,286
$3,599 $3,580$3,718 $3,759 $3,798
$3,609
$3,825$3,874 $3,865
$3,955
$4,356 $4,295
$4,244$4,330
$4,604
$4,677
$5,158
$4,779
$3,881$3,944
$4,173 $4,130 $4,290
$4,513 $4,553
$4,641
$4,573$4,439 $4,413
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
$4,000
$4,500
$5,000
$5,500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Average U.S. Health Care Costs, 1998 – 2008by Age Group | (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Under 25 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 and up
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U.S. Health Insurance Costs by Age From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health insurance costs for consumers age 65-74 and 75 and up increased by $855 and $798, respectively. Consumers age 25-54 experienced the smallest increases in their health insurance costs when compared to the other age groups in this analysis.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
$272 $301 $264$305 $341 $329 $366
$416 $392$412
$389
$798 $772 $800$845
$912 $948 $960$906 $943 $953 $983
$1,043$964
$1,063$1,125
$1,224$1,298
$1,367$1,279 $1,296 $1,318 $1,341
$1,243 $1,217 $1,220$1,262
$1,412 $1,365$1,471
$1,414 $1,399$1,439
$1,523
$1,309 $1,374$1,415 $1,445
$1,623
$1,840$1,786 $1,747
$1,790 $1,818
$1,945
$2,046 $2,032$2,010
$2,138
$2,299 $2,310
$2,474
$2,593
$2,903 $2,929 $2,901
$1,985 $1,982
$2,039
$2,179 $2,213
$2,377 $2,411$2,491
$2,682
$2,820 $2,783
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Average U.S. Health Insurance Costs, 1998 – 2008by Age Group | (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Under 25 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 and up
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Health Insurance as a Percent of Total Health Care Costs Across all age groups, from 1998 to 2008, health insurance costs accounted for a larger amount of total health care costs. As expected, health insurance costs as a percent of total health care costs were the greatest for consumers age 65 and up. Interestingly, consumers age 55-64 paid the least amount of health insurance costs as a percent of their total health care costs in 2008.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
46% 42% 42% 47% 45% 51% 49% 54% 52% 50% 57%
51% 51% 51%54% 54%
55% 55% 54% 53% 53%57%
47% 46% 48%49% 52%
53% 53% 51% 53% 55%54%
43% 43% 44%46% 46%
47% 48% 48% 48% 50%52%
46%43% 45%
44% 45%
51% 48% 46% 47% 50%51%
53%53% 51%
49%54%
54% 57% 56% 62% 57%61%
51%50%
49%53% 52%
53%53% 54%
59% 64%
63%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
400%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
U.S. Health Insurance Costs as a Percent of Total Health Care Costs, 1998 – 2008by Age Group | (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
75 and up
65 to 74
55 to 64
45 to 54
35 to 44
25 to 34
Under 25
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U.S. Changes in Income, Health Care, and Health Insurance Costs From 1998 to 2008, among all U.S. consumers, inflation adjusted income, health care, and health insurance costs increased by 16.0%, 18.0%, and 37.0%, respectively. Health care and health insurance costs increased the most among 55-64 year-olds. Consumers under 25, 65-74, and 75 and up also experienced a significant increase in health insurance costs.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
16%
26%
8%
15%
6%
23%
27%
23%
18%
16%
11%12%
1%
34%
23%
14%
37%
43%
23%
29%
23%
49%
42%40%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
All U.S. Consumers Under 25 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 and up
Percent Change in Annual Average Income, Health Care Costs, and Health Insurance Costs,1998 - 2008by Age Group| (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Income Before Taxes Health Care Health Insurance
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U.S. Health Care Costs as a Percent of Income Among all U.S. consumers, health care costs as a percent of total income increased from 2.2% to 2.6% from 1998 to 2008. In 2008, health care costs as a percent of total income were highest among consumers age 65 and up.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
2.2%
1.2%
1.4%
1.6%
1.6%
2.2%
5.7%
7.4%
2.6%
1.4%
1.6%
1.7%
1.9%
2.7%
6.4%
8.5%
0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0%
All U.S. Consumers
Under 25
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 to 74
75 and up
Health Care Costs as a Percent of Income,1998 - 2008by Age Group| (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
2008
1998
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Western Metro Areas Among the 5 Western metro areas in this analysis, Seattle had the highest health care costs in 2008 ($3,373) while San Diego had the lowest ($1,840). From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health care costs in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Phoenix increased by 19.6%, 41.2%, 55.3%, and 39.3%, respectively. During this time period, health care costs in San Diego decreased by 22.2%.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
$0
$250
$500
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,500
$1,750
$2,000
$2,250
$2,500
$2,750
$3,000
$3,250
$3,500
$3,750
$4,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Average Health Care Costs, 1998 – 2008Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, and Phoenix Metro Areas
(inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Los Angeles San Francisco San Diego Seattle Phoenix
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Northeastern Metro Areas Among the 5 Northeastern metro areas in this analysis, Washington, D.C. had the highest health care costs in 2008 ($2,996) while Baltimore had the lowest ($2,571). From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health care costs in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, New York, Philadelphia, and Boston increased by 1.3%, 21.7%, 14.4%, 20.7%, and 31.3%, respectively.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
$0
$250
$500
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,500
$1,750
$2,000
$2,250
$2,500
$2,750
$3,000
$3,250
$3,500
$3,750
$4,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Average Health Care Costs, 1998 – 2008Washington, D.C., Baltimore, New York, Philidelphia, and Boston Metro Areas
(inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Washington, D.C. Baltimore New York Philadelphia Boston
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Southern Metro Areas Among the 4 Southern metro areas in this analysis, Houston had the highest health care costs in 2008 ($3,002) while Miami had the lowest ($1,933). From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health care costs in Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Houston increased by 3.2%, 0.4%, and 17.5%, respectively. During this time period, health care costs in Atlanta decreased by 3.6%.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
$0
$250
$500
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,500
$1,750
$2,000
$2,250
$2,500
$2,750
$3,000
$3,250
$3,500
$3,750
$4,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Average Health Care Costs, 1998 – 2008Atlanta, Miami, Dallas-Ft Worth, and Houston Metro Areas
(inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Atlanta Miami Dallas- Fort Worth Houston
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Midwestern Metro Areas Among the 4 Midwestern metro areas in this analysis, Minneapolis-St. Paul had the highest health care costs in 2008 ($3,365) while Detroit had the lowest ($2,432). From 1998 to 2008, inflation adjusted health care costs in Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and Cleveland increased by 27.1%, 14.8%, 16.6%, and 82.1%, respectively.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
$0
$250
$500
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,500
$1,750
$2,000
$2,250
$2,500
$2,750
$3,000
$3,250
$3,500
$3,750
$4,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Average Health Care Costs, 1998 – 2008Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis-St.Paul, and Cleveland Metro Areas
(inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Chicago Detroit Minneapolis-St.Paul Cleveland
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U.S. Metro Area Income Changes After adjusting for inflation, all 18 U.S. metro areas in this analysis experienced an increase in their average annual income before taxes from 1998 to 2008. During this time period, Chicago, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., and Houston experienced the greatest increase in income. Minneapolis-St. Paul, Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Detroit incomes increased the least among the 18 metro areas.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
1.0%
1.6%
2.7%
3.7%
10.4%
11.7%
12.0%
12.8%
13.0%
13.5%
16.1%
21.7%
22.2%
22.4%
25.5%
27.5%
35.6%
35.7%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Minneapolis-St.Paul
Miami
Dallas- Fort Worth
Detroit
Atlanta
Philadelphia
San Diego
Los Angeles
Cleveland
Boston
Seattle
Phoenix
San Francisco
New York
Houston
Washington, D.C.
Baltimore
Chicago
Percent Change in Annual Average Income, 1998 - 2008by U.S. Metro Area | (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
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U.S. Metro Area Health Care Cost Changes After adjusting for inflation, 16 out of the 18 U.S. metro areas in this analysis experienced an increase in their health care costs from 1998 to 2008. During this time period, Cleveland, Seattle, San Francisco, Phoenix, and Boston experienced the greatest increase in their health care costs. Only Atlanta and San Diego experienced a decrease in their health care costs during this time period.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
-22.2%
-3.6%
0.4%
1.3%
3.2%
14.4%
14.8%
16.6%
17.5%
19.6%
20.7%
21.7%
27.4%
31.3%
39.3%
41.2%
55.3%
82.1%
-40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
San Diego
Atlanta
Dallas- Fort Worth
Washington, D.C.
Miami
New York
Detroit
Minneapolis-St.Paul
Houston
Los Angeles
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Chicago
Boston
Phoenix
San Francisco
Seattle
Cleveland
Percent Change in Annual Average Health Care Costs, 1998 - 2008by U.S. Metro Area | (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
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Differences Between Health Care Cost and Income Changes From 1998 to 2008, Cleveland, Seattle, San Francisco, Boston, Phoenix, and Minneapolis-St. Paul experienced the greatest increase in their health care costs relative to their increase in income. On the other hand, San Diego, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, and Baltimore experienced the greatest increase in their incomes relative to their increase in health care costs.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
-34.3
-26.2
-14.0
-14.0
-8.3
-8.1
-8.0
-2.3
1.6
6.8
9.0
11.1
15.7
17.6
17.8
19.0
39.2
69.1
-40.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
San Diego
Washington, D.C.
Atlanta
Baltimore
Chicago
New York
Houston
Dallas- Fort Worth
Miami
Los Angeles
Philadelphia
Detroit
Minneapolis-St.Paul
Phoenix
Boston
San Francisco
Seattle
Cleveland
Net Percentage Point Difference Between Change in Health Care Costs and Change in Income, 1998 - 2008by Metro Area | (infaltion adjusted to 2008 costant dollars)
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Health Care Costs as a Percent of Income by Metro Area From 1998 to 2008, health care costs as a percent of total income increased in 10 out of the 18 metro areas in this analysis. In 2008, health care costs as a percent of income were highest for consumers in Cleveland and Minneapolis-St. Paul and lowest for consumers in San Diego and Washington, D.C.
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
3.8%
3.6%
3.5%
3.2%
3.2%
3.9%
3.7%
3.4%
3.2%
3.4%
4.2%
3.7%
4.4%
4.6%
3.9%
3.4%
4.1%
3.6%
2.7%
2.9%
3.1%
3.3%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.6%
3.7%
3.9%
4.0%
4.1%
4.3%
4.3%
4.5%
4.5%
4.7%
5.8%
0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0%
San Diego
Washington, D.C.
Baltimore
Miami
Los Angeles
Atlanta
New York
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Boston
Houston
Detroit
Dallas- Fort Worth
Chicago
Phoenix
Seattle
Minneapolis-St.Paul
Cleveland
Health Care Costs as a Percent of Income,1998 - 2008by Metro Area| (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
2008
1998
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U.S. Metro Area Health Care Costs Table 1. below shows that Cleveland and Seattle have experienced the largest net increases in their health care costs from 1998 to 2008. During this time period annual average health care costs in Cleveland increased from $2,005 to $3,651 and from $2,171 to $3,373 in Seattle. In 2008, Miami and San Diego paid the least in health care costs among the 18 metro areas in this analysis.
Table 1. Annual Average Health Care Costs, 1998 – 2008 by Metro Area (inflation adjusted to 2008 constant dollars)
Metro Area 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Net Change
1998 - 2008
% Change
1998 - 2008
Los Angeles $2,100 $2,271 $2,292 $2,316 $2,431 $2,570 $2,632 $2,508 $2,473 $2,413 $2,512 $412
19.6% San Francisco $2,352 $2,316 $2,538 $2,638 $2,812 $3,020 $3,163 $3,057 $3,012 $3,348 $3,321 $969
41.2%
San Diego $2,366 $2,391 $2,409 $2,153 $2,255 $2,663 $2,969 $3,349 $3,653 $2,713 $1,840 -$526
-22.2% Seattle $2,171 $2,495 $3,143 $3,014 $2,784 $3,195 $3,410 $3,208 $3,085 $3,247 $3,373 $1,202
55.3%
Phoenix $2,293 $2,594 $2,711 $2,493 $2,682 $2,986 $2,974 $3,186 $3,347 $3,175 $3,195 $902
39.3% Washington, D.C. $2,959 $2,846 $2,778 $2,778 $2,634 $2,679 $2,757 $2,767 $2,675 $2,742 $2,996 $37
1.3%
Baltimore $2,113 $2,043 $2,304 $2,292 $2,202 $2,467 $2,367 $2,442 $2,724 $2,524 $2,571 $458
21.7% New York $2,474 $2,408 $2,451 $2,587 $2,725 $2,616 $2,535 $2,659 $2,784 $2,777 $2,829 $355
14.4%
Philadelphia $2,222 $2,302 $2,224 $2,338 $2,475 $2,502 $2,423 $2,485 $2,337 $2,259 $2,682 $460
20.7% Boston $2,236 $2,179 $2,176 $2,411 $2,461 $2,349 $2,592 $2,893 $2,984 $2,917 $2,936 $700
31.3%
Atlanta $2,473 $2,371 $2,388 $2,362 $2,406 $2,227 $2,006 $2,025 $2,154 $2,445 $2,383 -$90
-3.6% Miami $1,873 $1,914 $2,183 $2,292 $2,357 $2,410 $2,193 $2,208 $2,339 $2,250 $1,933 $60
3.2%
Dallas- Fort Worth $2,776 $2,776 $2,454 $2,507 $2,911 $3,316 $3,491 $3,337 $3,284 $3,081 $2,787 $11
0.4% Houston $2,556 $2,480 $2,744 $2,985 $2,931 $2,919 $3,011 $3,243 $3,480 $3,419 $3,002 $446
17.5%
Chicago $2,610 $2,521 $2,542 $2,597 $2,699 $2,881 $3,082 $3,233 $3,074 $3,136 $3,324 $714
27.4% Detroit $2,119 $2,198 $2,048 $2,328 $2,579 $2,340 $2,285 $2,493 $2,509 $2,396 $2,432 $313
14.8%
Minneapolis-St.Paul $2,885 $2,923 $2,918 $2,740 $2,749 $3,015 $3,337 $3,417 $3,548 $3,847 $3,365 $480
16.6% Cleveland $2,005 $2,147 $2,213 $2,140 $2,309 $2,382 $2,463 $2,866 $3,241 $3,419 $3,651 $1,646
82.1%
Data: U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics: Consumer Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index (1998 – 2008)
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