Download - Healthcare information technology
HEALTHCARE INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
Dr.Vijay bhushanam MD
CPOE
HL7
EMR
HIS
EHR
RIS
HIPAA
PACS
DICOM
Objectives
• Evolution of Healthcare IT and its advantages
• Terminology
• Components of Hospital Information System
• Standards Organizations
Medication errors: in the US 80,000 people died in 2004. (=8th cause of death)
In Malaysia.. (Source: Hosp_AT_Terendak)
Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) Reduces
• Serious medication errors--55%• Prescribing errors-- 19%• Transcription errors-- 84%• Dispensing errors-- 68%• Administration errors--- 59%• Preventable ADE’s-- 17%• Non-intercepted potential ADE’s-- 84%
(According to a study conducted in Malaysia)Source: Hosp_AT_Terendak.
Evolution of Healthcare and HIT(Changing concepts)
Today Tomorrow
Location Hospital Decentralized, at home
Time Symptomatic, curative Preventive, lifetime
Focus On the process and provider On the patient
Scope Cure Patients Care for Citizens
Methods Invasive Less invasive
Order Process Manual Automated
Experience Individual Best Practices
The Process Fragmented, isolated disease mgt.
Clinical Decisions Personal preferences Guide lines / evidence based
Information Fragmented, isolated Consolidated / complete
Today Tomorrow
Data completeness
Fragmented Consolidated
Data integrity Manual/error prone Systematic mgt. and control
Data access Limited, Difficult Any time, any place
Technology Isolated systems Integrated systems
Data availability
Slow Real time
Today Tomorrow
Ultimate objective
• Decrease cost• Increase quality• Easy to use
Some terms associated with Healthcare IT
• Electronic Medical Record (EMR)• Electronic Health Record (EHR)• Computerized physician order entry (CPOE)• Hospital information system (HIS)• Radiology information system (RIS)• HL7• DICOM• PACS• HIPAA
Evolution of Electronic records
• In the beginning there was the hand written chart
• Next came Transcription
• PC-based word processors (MS Word, etc.)
Ideal recording system should be
• Easy, legible chart generation• Reduced burden• “Real time" Chart generation• Improved billing• Expert computer & typing skills not required • Consistent quality charts• True database record keeping, • The ability to automatically bring in past history, saving time &
reducing errors • Storage of digital multimedia data
EMR
• EMR is the digital equivalent of the paper patient chart within a specific provider organization. It is a comprehensive record of tests, prescriptions, diagnostic images and the entire patient history
• An EMR system manages patient medical information created within an individual provider organization
• It is an application environment composed of the clinical data repository, clinical decision support, controlled medical vocabulary, order entry, computerized provider order entry, pharmacy, and clinical documentation applications.
• This environment support the patient’s electronic medical record across inpatient and outpatient environments, and is used by healthcare practitioners
• The data in the EMR is the legal record of what happened to the patient during their encounter at the CDO and is owned by the CDO.
EHR
• Is a subset of each care delivery organization’s EMR.
• Is owned by the patient and has patient input and access that spans episodes of care across multiple CDOs with a community, region, or state.
• The EHR in the US will ride on the proposed National Health Information Network (NHIN).
EMR Vs EHR
Example
• Patient “A”, smoker, comes with pneumonia to a hospital in Feb.----- EMR
• “A” gets admitted in another hospital with Bronchial cancer in Sep.----EMR
• Record of information on both the episodes along with other information related to overall health of “A” ----EHR
Advantages of Electronic records
• Saves lives and reduces costs.• Computer physician order entry (CPOE) systems
can effectively reduce preventable adverse drug events.
• Computerized reminders and prompts on disease management and preventive health guidelines are very effective.
• Clinical IT tools can improve drug prescribing and administration.
• Potential to transform care delivery, offering greater quality, safety, and efficiency
• Many clinical IT benefits such as provider convenience, patient satisfaction, and improved communication
Hospital information system (HIS)
A hospital information system (HIS), variously also called clinical information system (CIS) is a comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a Hospital
Medical Ward General Ward
ICCU CTICU
ROOMS ROOMS
Post OP
Pre OP
OT
OT
ADMINISTRATOR EDDOCTOR’S ROOM
NURSE’S ROOM
PHARMACY SC
US
LAB
X-RAY
RECEPTIONMED OP
SURG OP
ORTHO OP
CARDIAC OP
HIS (cont.)
EMR
Lab DataLIS
RISPatientBedsideMonitoring
Pharmacy solutions
Administrative HIS
DiagnosticImaging
Clinical Systems Overview
Enterprise Applications Scheduling, Case Management
Users Clinical Reporting Management EIS Regulatory Agencies Performance Report Card
Users Clinical Reporting Management EIS Regulatory Agencies Performance Report Card
Location Specific and Distributed Transaction Systems
INTEGRATION TOOLS
USERS
Order Entry / Results
Pharmacy
Clinical Documentation
ADT/Registration
Radiology
STOR
SurgicalScheduling
ClinicalDataRepository
METADATA
DataWarehouse
Archived
Lightlysummarized
Highlysummarized
Archive
Archive
Clinical Decision Support
Clinical Decision Support
Clinical Decision Support
Clinical Decision Support
EMPI Interface Engine
EMPI Interface Engine
HIS (Cont.)
• Support of Clinical and Medical Patient Care Activities in the Hospital
• Administration of the Hospital’s Daily Business transactions (financial, personnel, payroll, bed census etc.)
• Evaluation of Hospital performance and Cost , and projection of the long-term forecast
HIS
Business & Administration Components
• Material Services• Accumulate payments• Recharge• Budgeting• General ledger• Patient ADT/Billing/Account
receivable• Payroll• Cost accounting
Operation Components• OR scheduling• Nursing management• Clinical appointment• Dietary• Doctor ID system• Employee health system• Medical record system• Pathology system• Patient ADT Pathology system• Patient ADT• Pharmacy system• Radiology system• Referring doctor system• Cancer registry system
What the system can do
1. Patient registration
2. Ward Booking 3. Tests and treatment
4. Diet and Catering
5. Patient Discharge
6. Billing
Registration counter, ED, Labour room, Specialist Clinic etc
Done from registration counter, patient transfer, transfer in/out,nurse assignments
Online order & result (Lab, Radiology), Interface with other system, Reduce repeat tests & documentation
Discharge summary, referralsFinal Bill generation,scheduling booking online
Auto Billing. Auto calculation from registration, Auto calculation upon order execution, interim bill etc
7. AppointmentOnline diet order: Normal, Therapeutic, Patient diet, Referral to dietitian, catering activities
Online appointmentManage appointment scheduling
Advantages of Hospital Information Systems
• Increased time nurses spend with patients• Access to information• Improved quality of documentation• Improved quality of patient care• Increased nursing productivity• Improved communications Reduced medication errors• Reduced hospital costs • Increased nurse job satisfaction• Development of a common clinical database• Improved patient's perception of care• Enhanced ability to track patient's record• Enhanced ability to recruit and retain staff• Improved hospital image
Standards Developing Organizations (SDO’s) operating in the HIT
Several models of standardization for electronic medical records and electronic medical record exchange have been proposed and multiple organizations formed to help evaluate and implement them.
Standards and Reference models are important for interoperability and help to improve Information Quality (accuracy, completeness, timeliness, relevancy, accessibility,... )
Organizations
• CHI (Consolidated Health Informatics Initiative) - recommends nationwide federal adoption of EHR standards in the US
• CCHIT (Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology) - a private, not-for-profit organization that evaluates and develops the certification for EHRs and interoperable EHR networks (USA)
• IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) - a consortium, sponsored by the HIMSS, that recommends integration of EHR data communicated using the HL7 and DICOM protocols
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute) - accredits standards in the United States and co-ordinates US standards with international standards
Organizations (cont.)
• HIMSS (Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society)- an international trade organization of health informatics technology providers
• American Society for Testing and Materials - a consortium of scientists and engineers that recommends international standards
• Open EHR - promotes open source EHR guidelines• Canada Health Infoway - a private, not-for-profit
organization that promotes the development and adoption of EHRs in Canada
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - promotes Internet-wide communications standards to prevent market fragmentation
• Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) - a non-profit organization that develops platform-independent healthcare data standards
Standards
• HL7 - a standardized messaging and text communications protocol between hospital and physician record systems, and between practice management systems
• DICOM - an international communications protocol standard for representing and transmitting radiology (and other) image-based data, sponsored by NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)
• ANSI X12 (EDI) - transaction protocols used for transmitting patient data. Popular in the United States for transmission of billing data.
Standards (cont.)
• CEN - CONTSYS (EN 13940), supports continuity of care record standardization.
• CEN - HISA (EN 12967), a services standard for inter-system communication in a clinical information environment.
• ISO - ISO TC 215 provides international technical specifications for EHRs.
ISO 18308 describes EHR architectures
• CEN's TC/251 provides EHR standards in Europe. Focuses on EHR communication and distributed access
• CEN - EHRcom (EN 13606), communication standards for EHR information in Europe
HL7
• Health Level Seven (HL7), is an all-volunteer, not-for-profit organization involved in development of international healthcare standards. “HL7” is also used to refer to some of the specific standards created by the organization (i.e. HL7 v2.x, v3.0, HL7 etc.).
• It is one of several American National Standards Institute (ANSI) –accredited Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) operating in the healthcare arena
• Domain is clinical and administrative data• It provides a framework (and related standards) for
the exchange, integration, sharing and retrieval of electronic health information
DICOM
• Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine • It is a standard for handling, storing, printing, and
transmitting information in medical imaging • Developed by American College of Radiology
(ACR) and National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).
• DICOM files can be exchanged between two entities that are capable of receiving image and patient data in DICOM format
• DICOM enables the integration of scanners, servers, workstations, printers, and network hardware from multiple manufacturers into a picture archiving and communication system (PACS).
PACS
• In medical imaging picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are computers or networks dedicated to the storage, retrieval, distribution and presentation of images. The medical images are stored in an independent format. The most common format for image storage is DICOM
• Most PACSs handle images from various medical imaging instruments, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance, PET, computed tomography, endoscopy, mammograms, etc
HIPAA
• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
• Title I of HIPAA protects health insurance coverage • Title II of HIPAA, known as the Administrative
Simplification (AS) provisions, requires the establishment of national standards for electronic health care transactions
• It also address the security and privacy of health data
• The standards are meant to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the nation's health care system by encouraging the widespread use of electronic data interchange in the US health care system.
Summary
• Healthcare transformation is to increase quality, decrease cost.
• Common terms EMR, HER,HIS, HL7, DICOM,PACS, HIPAA,, RIS etc.
• HIS is very effective
• Standards organizations develop the frame work and integration guidelines for HIT tools
THANK YOU