“What is it good for? Absolutely nothing!?”
Comparing a+tudes and expecta3ons of journalists and users towards audience par3cipa3on in news journalism
Nele Heise, Wiebke Loosen, Julius Reimer, Jan-‐Hinrik Schmidt @jpub20team
ICA | London | June 21st 2013
Source: Loosen & Schmidt 2012: 874
Audience par:cipa:on in journalism
Audience Inclusion performance
Inclusion expecta:ons
Inclusion performance Features f. audience par3cipa3on
Work process/rou3nes
Journalis3c output/products
Inclusion expecta:ons Journalis3c role concep3on
Images of the audience
Strategic ra3onales
Journalists
Par3cipatory prac3ces
Degree of community orienta3on
Mo3va3ons for pa3cipa3on
Expecta3ons concerning impact/influence of audience par3cipa3on on journalism
2
Source: Loosen & Schmidt 2012: 874
Audience par:cipa:on in journalism
Audience Inclusion performance
Inclusion expecta:ons
Inclusion performance Features f. audience par3cipa3on
Work process/rou3nes
Journalis3c output/products
Inclusion expecta:ons Journalis3c role concep3on
Images of the audience
Strategic ra3onales
Journalists
Par3cipatory prac3ces
Degree of community orienta3on
Mo3va3ons for pa3cipa3on
Expecta3ons concerning impact/influence of audience par3cipa3on on journalism
3
Inclusion distance
Inclusion level
Source: Loosen & Schmidt 2012: 874
Audience par:cipa:on in journalism
Audience Inclusion performance Inclusion performance
(Expected) inclusion expecta:ons
Journalists
Inclusion level
Inclusion distance
4
Inclusion level
(Expected) inclusion expecta:ons
3. Assumed importance of par1cipatory func1ons
Importance of par3cipatory func3ons
2. Self image of journalis3c role External image of journalis1c role
1. Assumed mo1va1ons
Mo3va3ons for par3cipa3on
4. General assessment of part.: • Strategic ra3onales • Impact on journalism
General assessment of part.: • Strategic ra3onales • Impact on journalism
In-‐depth interviews Standardized online surveys
Content/feature analyses
Journalists n = 10 leading editors TV / online 2x TV / 2x online managing editor 2x social media editor 2x „mul3media assistant“ [= community manager]
n = 63 out of 130 people in editorial staff of Tagesschau and tagesschau.de
Par3cipatory features & social media profiles Integra3on of UGC & audience in 8 p.m. newscast (n=8) User comments on Meta, Facebook, blog (n=350)
Audience n = 6 with varying degrees of engagement
n = 4.686 random sample of tagesschau.de users; nth-‐visitor method
Methods
5
Example here: 1st case study at the Tagesschau (newscast)
4 case studies: TV Print
Informa:on oriented daily newscast daily newscast
Debate oriented weekly poli1cal TV talk weekly poli1cal TV talk
Case study 1 of 4: the Tagesschau
6
• Main German evening newscast • Up to 10 mio. viewers (33% market share) • Since 1952 • Produced by public service broadcaster
tagesschau.de 1996
YouTube 2006
TwiXer 2007
Blog 2008
Comment. sec:on “Meta” 2009
Facebook 2010
Google+ 2012
Discussion boards 2004
+ non-‐public features: audience mail (leners, e-‐mail), viewers‘ calls
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)*** 5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
7
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)*** 5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
8
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)*** 5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
9
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)*** 5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
10
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
11
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)*** 5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)***
12
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)***
13
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
14
15
14
13
12
11
10 9
8
7 6 5 4
3
2
1
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Actu
al im
porta
nce f
or u
sers
Importance for users as assumed by journalists
Findings: (assumed) importance of par:cipatory func:ons
1. To have journalists be present (and responsive) on social media
2. To be able to provide own material (text, pictures, videos) for news repor3ng
3. To have a plaporm for discussing the quality of news repor3ng (agenda, form, tone etc.)
4. To get informa3on on editorial rou3nes/prac3ces/decisions
5. To be able to forward/recommend journalis3c content fast and easily to friends and family
6. To be able to suggest topics for repor3ng 7. To be able to comment/rate journalis3c items 8. To make transparent how many other people
view/comment certain stories*** 9. To be able to contact/discuss with editorial staff
directly 10. To discuss the topics of news repor3ng*** 11. To publicly show their/my anachment to the
Tagesschau*** 12. To get addi3onal informa3on on the sources of a
journalis3c item*** 13. To be taken seriously by journalists*** 14. To have editorial staff introduced to them/me*** 15. To be able to interact and/or make contact with
other viewers/users (and exchange opinions)*** 5-‐point-‐Likert-‐scale with 1 = ”Completely unimportant” to 5 = ”Very important”; 6 = ”Don’t know / Can’t say” (excluded for calcula1on of mean). // *** p < .001 (t-‐test)
• Dimension „journalis:c role concep:on“ • J & A: audience par3cipa3on not good for much, since Tagesschau supposed to
disseminate precise informa3on as fast as possible & explain complex topics and events (tradi3onal role)
• J & A: ac3ve users & new newsroom roles (e.g. social media editors) anach more importance to new tasks like dialogue & making the journalis3c process transparent
• Dimension „(assumed) mo:va:ons for par:cipa:on“ • J: good for users to fulfil affec3ve, self-‐centered mo3va3ons • A: good for widening knowledge & contact with others • J & A: good for users to publicly state opinion
• Dimension „general assessment of par:cipa:on“ • J & A: good for reaching new target groups; not good for reducing costs, increasing
entertainment value, changing power rela3ons (journalists keep upper hand in selec3ng/producing news)
• J: good for Tagesschau, since dialogue & exchange are considered essen3al element • A: does not experience dialogue & exchange being an essen3al element
Findings: “What is it good for?”
15
• Comparing • groups of different homogeneity and size (editorial staff vs. disperse audience) • online-‐ and TV-‐journalists and online-‐only audience • individual self-‐assessment with assessment of groups of others
• Taking into considera:on • absolute differences of means • posi3ons of means compared on the scale • rela3ve rankings of one banery‘s items
• Missing reference values à More case studies needed to compare inclusion distances at different
journalis:c media
16
Challenges of comparing adtudes and expecta:ons
(Re-‐)discovering the audience. Journalism under social media condi3ons.
Project funded by the German Research Founda3on (DFG)
a.k.a. jpub 2.0
Team: Nele Heise, Wiebke Loosen, Julius Reimer, Jan-‐Hinrik Schmidt Blog: hnp://jpub20.hans-‐bredow-‐ins3tut.de/
TwiXer: @jpub20team
Literatur
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• Himelboim, I., & McCreery, S. (2012): New technology, old prac3ces: Examining news websites from a professional perspec3ve. In: Convergence: The Interna1onal Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, published online February 2, 2012. Retrieved from hnp://con.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/01/30/1354856511429648 (October 9, 2012).
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• Loosen, W., & Schmidt, J.-‐H. (2012): (Re-‐)Discovering the audience: The rela3onship between journalism and audience in networked digital media. In: Informa1on, Communica1on & Society, 15(6), pp. 867-‐887.
• Loosen, W., Schmidt, J.-‐H., Heise, N., Reimer, J., & Scheler, M. (2013): Publikumsinklusion bei der Tagesschau. Fallstudienbericht aus dem DFG-‐Projekt „Die (Wieder-‐)Entdeckung des Publikums“ (Arbeitspapiere des Hans-‐Bredow-‐Ins3tuts Nr. 26). Available online: hnp://www.hans-‐bredow-‐ins3tut.de/webfm_send/709.
• Singer, J. B., Hermida, A., Domingo, D., Heinonen, A., Paulussen, S., & Quandt, T. (Eds.), (2011): Par1cipatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers. Chichester: Wiley-‐Blackwell.
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