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Prepared by Dr. David F. MaasPrepared by Dr. David F. Maas
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1. Identify the three invasions and cultural1. Identify the three invasions and cultural
revolutions which produced the Englishrevolutions which produced the English
language. 46:01language. 46:01
The JutesThe Jutes
The SaxonsThe Saxons
The AnglesThe Angles
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02 Identify some of the striking02 Identify some of the striking
correspondences Sir William Jones foundcorrespondences Sir William Jones found
connecting Sanskrit, Latin, andconnecting Sanskrit, Latin, and
Greek.46:04Greek.46:04
Sanskrit for Father PitarSanskrit for Father Pitar
Latin for Father PaterLatin for Father Pater
Sanskrit for Mother MatarSanskrit for Mother Matar
Latin for Mother MaterLatin for Mother Mater
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03 What was the keynote phrase of the03 What was the keynote phrase of the
Indo-European hypothesis? 47:04Indo-European hypothesis? 47:04
The Sanskrit language, he announced toThe Sanskrit language, he announced tothe Asiatick Society on that evening of 2the Asiatick Society on that evening of 2
February 1786, shared with the GreekFebruary 1786, shared with the Greek
Language a stronger affinity--- thanLanguage a stronger affinity--- than
could possibly have been produced bycould possibly have been produced byaccident.accident.
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4.How much of the human race traces its4.How much of the human race traces its
language from a common Indo-Europeanlanguage from a common Indo-European
source? 47:05source? 47:05
One third of the human race comes fromOne third of the human race comes from
this Indo-European common source.this Indo-European common source.
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5. From reconstructing the vocabularies,5. From reconstructing the vocabularies,
what can we learn from the culture ofwhat can we learn from the culture of
these Indo-European tribes? 47:06these Indo-European tribes? 47:06
Lived a half settled, half nomadicLived a half settled, half nomadic
existenceexistence
They had domestic animals oxen,pig, andThey had domestic animals oxen,pig, and
sheepsheep
Plowed the land / Planted grain.Plowed the land / Planted grain.
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6. According to linguistic and archeological6. According to linguistic and archeological
speculation, where is the alleged originalspeculation, where is the alleged original
home of the Indo-Europeans?48:07home of the Indo-Europeans?48:07
Must have lived inland somewhere justMust have lived inland somewhere just
north of the Black Sea.north of the Black Sea.
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7. What accounted for the migration or7. What accounted for the migration or
spread of the language? 48:08spread of the language? 48:08
Some traveled eastward into India andSome traveled eastward into India and
PakistanPakistan
Some drifted westward toward the gentlerSome drifted westward toward the gentler
climates of Europe- Greece, Italy,climates of Europe- Greece, Italy,
Germany, and the Baltic.Germany, and the Baltic.
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8. Provide evidence to substantiate that8. Provide evidence to substantiate that
the Welsh language is related to thethe Welsh language is related to the
Breton-French language of Brittany.48-Breton-French language of Brittany.48-
49:09-1049:09-10
Breton-French onion sellers who used toBreton-French onion sellers who used to
bicycle through the valleys of Wales everybicycle through the valleys of Wales every
summer were able to communicate withsummer were able to communicate withtheir Welsh-speaking customers.their Welsh-speaking customers.
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9. What percent of Wales claim Welsh as9. What percent of Wales claim Welsh as
their first language? 49:11their first language? 49:11
20% still claim to be Welsh speakers.20% still claim to be Welsh speakers.
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10. According to Eluned Philips, how can10. According to Eluned Philips, how can
Welsh-English speakers be identified?Welsh-English speakers be identified?
49:1249:12
Can be identified by the lilt of their speech.Can be identified by the lilt of their speech.
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11. Identify some Welsh characteristics in11. Identify some Welsh characteristics in
sentence construction. 52:13sentence construction. 52:13
Invert sentences adjective after the nounInvert sentences adjective after the noun
pity it was that he died so earlypity it was that he died so early
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12. Identify some Roman place names12. Identify some Roman place names
which crept into the Celtic language.52:14which crept into the Celtic language.52:14
Roman word Castra campRoman word Castra camp
ManchesterManchester
WinchesterWinchester
ChesterChester
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13. How did Tacitus characterize the13. How did Tacitus characterize the
ancestors of English, the Anglii?53:16ancestors of English, the Anglii?53:16
Worship the goddess Mother EaethWorship the goddess Mother Eaeth
Ceremony performed by slaves who wereCeremony performed by slaves who were
drowned in lake.drowned in lake.
One of the seven barbarous tribes AngliiOne of the seven barbarous tribes Angliihad inhabited that area known ashad inhabited that area known as
Schleswig-HolsteinSchleswig-Holstein
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14. Identify some Frisian words that gave14. Identify some Frisian words that gave
us a clue as to the sound of the Anglo-us a clue as to the sound of the Anglo-
Saxon pronunciation. 55:18Saxon pronunciation. 55:18
Cow, lamb,goose,boat, dung , and rainCow, lamb,goose,boat, dung , and rain
Ko,lam, goes,boat,dong,and reinKo,lam, goes,boat,dong,and rein
a cup of coffe is in kopke kofiea cup of coffe is in kopke kofie
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15. According to the editor, if the Norman15. According to the editor, if the Norman
Conquest of 1066 had not occurred, whatConquest of 1066 had not occurred, what
would the English language sound likewould the English language sound like
today? 55:19today? 55:19
Would sound like Modern Dutch.Would sound like Modern Dutch.
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16. Where did the Angles, Saxons, and16. Where did the Angles, Saxons, and
Jutes come from? 55:20Jutes come from? 55:20
North Sea from Denmark and the coastalNorth Sea from Denmark and the coastal
part of Germany, still known as Lowerpart of Germany, still known as Lower
Saxony.Saxony.
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17. Ironically, what did the conquering17. Ironically, what did the conquering
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes call theAngles, Saxons, and Jutes call the
dispossessed Britons? 56:21dispossessed Britons? 56:21
Wealas meaning foreignersWealas meaning foreigners
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18. Identify some Celtic geographical18. Identify some Celtic geographical
terms which survived the Saxon conquest.terms which survived the Saxon conquest.
56:2256:22
CragCrag
Tor High rockTor High rock
Combe a deep valleyCombe a deep valley
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19. Identify Celtic place-names throughout19. Identify Celtic place-names throughout
England. 56:23England. 56:23
Avon riverAvon river
Dubris waterDubris water
Cheet-wood wood/woodCheet-wood wood/wood
Bre-Hill hill/hillBre-Hill hill/hill
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20. Identify some English writers of Celtic20. Identify some English writers of Celticorigin. 57:24origin. 57:24
SwiftSwift
BurnsBurns ScottScott WildeWilde
ShawShaw Dylan ThomasDylan Thomas
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21. How did the term21. How did the term EnglishEnglish replace thereplace the
termterm SaxonSaxon ? 57:25? 57:25
In the vernacular, the people wereIn the vernacular, the people were
Angelcynn ( Angle-kin) and their languageAngelcynn ( Angle-kin) and their language
was Englisc.was Englisc.
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22.Identify some basic agricultural and22.Identify some basic agricultural and
festive words that have come down fromfestive words that have come down from
Anglo-Saxon times. 57:26Anglo-Saxon times. 57:26
Sheep, shepherd,ox,earth, plough,Sheep, shepherd,ox,earth, plough,
swine,dog,wood,fieldswine,dog,wood,field
glee,laughter, and mirth.glee,laughter, and mirth.
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23. What does computer analysis of the of23. What does computer analysis of the of
the English language reveal about our 100the English language reveal about our 100
most common words? 58:27most common words? 58:27
100 most common words in Englsh are all100 most common words in Englsh are all
of Anglo-Saxon origin.of Anglo-Saxon origin.
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24. In Winston Churchills famous rallying24. In Winston Churchills famous rallying
speech, how many words were of Normanspeech, how many words were of Norman
French origin? 58:27French origin? 58:27
Only surrender is foreign Norman FrenchOnly surrender is foreign Norman French
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25. Provide some evidence that current25. Provide some evidence that currentspeech patterns in the former Saxonspeech patterns in the former Saxoncolonies have throw-back pronunciationscolonies have throw-back pronunciations
to those earlier times, 58:28to those earlier times, 58:28 When a Geordie from NewcastleWhen a Geordie from Newcastle
pronounces path with a short a or a farmerpronounces path with a short a or a farmerin Dorchester burrs his rs, thein Dorchester burrs his rs, thepronunciation is a throwback to speech ofpronunciation is a throwback to speech ofAnglo-Saxon.Anglo-Saxon.
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26. Why did your editor suggest that the26. Why did your editor suggest that the
Anglo-Saxons had a certain deviousnessAnglo-Saxons had a certain deviousness
about them? 59:29about them? 59:29
Love of ambiguity, innuendo, and wordLove of ambiguity, innuendo, and word
play.play.
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27. What earlier document suggests that27. What earlier document suggests that
ambiguity, innuendo, and wordambiguity, innuendo, and word
play( distinguishing characteristics ofplay( distinguishing characteristics of
Modern English language) have a veryModern English language) have a veryearly origin? 59:29early origin? 59:29
Exeter Book of RiddlesExeter Book of Riddles
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28. Describe the anecdote between28. Describe the anecdote between
Augustine and Gregory which influencedAugustine and Gregory which influenced
the Missionary activity in England. 61:31the Missionary activity in England. 61:31
Angli for they have an Angelic faceAngli for they have an Angelic face
Pronvice called Deira Gods wrathPronvice called Deira Gods wrath
plucked from Gods wrathplucked from Gods wrath
Aella name of king AlleluiaAella name of king Alleluia
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29. What kind of reception did Augustine29. What kind of reception did Augustine
have in Kent from King Aethelbert?61:32have in Kent from King Aethelbert?61:32
HospitableHospitable
We will receive with hospitality and takeWe will receive with hospitality and take
care to supply you with all that you need;care to supply you with all that you need;
nor will we forbid you to preach and winnor will we forbid you to preach and win
any people you can to your religion.any people you can to your religion.
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30. Characterize the process of Englands30. Characterize the process of Englands
conversion to Christianity. 62:33conversion to Christianity. 62:33
The conversion of England to ChristianityThe conversion of England to Christianity
was a gradual process.was a gradual process.
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31. What kinds of subjects were taught in31. What kinds of subjects were taught in
the monasteries? 62:34the monasteries? 62:34
Poetry, astronomy, arithmetic, stone andPoetry, astronomy, arithmetic, stone and
glass work.glass work.
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32. What kinds of words did the cultural32. What kinds of words did the cultural
revolution ( introduced by the monks)revolution ( introduced by the monks)
bring into the language? 62-63:35bring into the language? 62-63:35
Disciple, litany, martyr,mass, relic, shrift,Disciple, litany, martyr,mass, relic, shrift,
shrine.shrine.
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33. In what three ways did the conversion33. In what three ways did the conversion
of England to Christianity change theof England to Christianity change the
English language? 63:35English language? 63:35
Gave us a large vocabularyGave us a large vocabulary
Introduced words and ideas as afar awayIntroduced words and ideas as afar away
as India and China.as India and China.
Stimulated Anglo-Saxons to apply existingStimulated Anglo-Saxons to apply existing
words to new concepts.words to new concepts.
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34. Give examples of church words that34. Give examples of church words that
filtered into the English language. 63:36filtered into the English language. 63:36
Disciple,preost, noone, munuc,apostle,Disciple,preost, noone, munuc,apostle,
psalter, angel,devil.psalter, angel,devil.
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35. Give examples of Oriental or far-East35. Give examples of Oriental or far-East
words which came through the religiouswords which came through the religious
cultural revolution. 63:37cultural revolution. 63:37
Camel, lion, cedar, myrrhCamel, lion, cedar, myrrh
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36. How did Old English words become36. How did Old English words become
rejuvenated by the religious culturalrejuvenated by the religious cultural
revolution? 63:38revolution? 63:38
Heaven, hell, Halig Gast (Holy Ghost)Heaven, hell, Halig Gast (Holy Ghost)
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37. Give the etymology of the term Viking.37. Give the etymology of the term Viking.
65:4065:40
Wic camp the formation of temporaryWic camp the formation of temporary
encampments.encampments.
Norse Vik bayNorse Vik bay
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38. What Saxon leader negotiated the38. What Saxon leader negotiated the
Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42
King AlfredKing Alfred
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39. What were the boundaries drawn up in39. What were the boundaries drawn up in
the Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42the Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42
Watling Street north DanelawWatling Street north Danelaw
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40. How did Alfred retain political control40. How did Alfred retain political control
and a sense of identity? 66:43and a sense of identity? 66:43
Watling Street became the boundary.Watling Street became the boundary.
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41. What were Alfred the Greats41. What were Alfred the Greats
contributions to the English language?contributions to the English language?
67:4567:45
Arranged for the translation of theArranged for the translation of the
Venerable Bede Historia EclesiasticaVenerable Bede Historia Eclesiastica
Gentis Anglorum ( History of the EnglishGentis Anglorum ( History of the English
Church and People into English.Church and People into English.
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42. Summarize the story about Alfreds42. Summarize the story about Alfreds
youth which dramatized his love foryouth which dramatized his love for
learning. 67:46learning. 67:46
Story about Alfred enamored by the firstStory about Alfred enamored by the first
letter. Mother said she would give theletter. Mother said she would give the
book to whoever could learn the book andbook to whoever could learn the book and
repeat it to her. Alfred learned it.repeat it to her. Alfred learned it.
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43. What happened to the English43. What happened to the English
language as the Saxons and the Daneslanguage as the Saxons and the Danes
tried to understand each other? 69:47tried to understand each other? 69:47
Inflectional endings collapsed .Inflectional endings collapsed .
Saxons and the Danes found theSaxons and the Danes found the
competing sets of inflectional endings acompeting sets of inflectional endings a
nuisancenuisance
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44. Identify Saxon and Dane place names44. Identify Saxon and Dane place names
existing side by side. 70:49existing side by side. 70:49
Clap ham (settlement) SaxonClap ham (settlement) Saxon
NottinghamNottingham
(By) Grimsby Derby Danish origin(By) Grimsby Derby Danish origin
Wick Keswick Chiswick Viking origin.Wick Keswick Chiswick Viking origin.
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45. Identify words of Scandinavian origin45. Identify words of Scandinavian origin
in the English language. 71:53in the English language. 71:53
SkirtSkirt
ShirtShirt
Raise a child instead of rear a childRaise a child instead of rear a child
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46. How does Beowulf characterize the46. How does Beowulf characterize the
Scandinavian temperament? 71:53Scandinavian temperament? 71:53
It reveals a reflective and ruminativeIt reveals a reflective and ruminative
temper of mind, obsessed with thetemper of mind, obsessed with the
transience of life, with heroism, and withtransience of life, with heroism, and with
the keeping of dignity in the face of defeat.the keeping of dignity in the face of defeat.
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47. Who was the Scandinavian king who47. Who was the Scandinavian king who
ruled Britain around 1000? 72:53ruled Britain around 1000? 72:53
King CanuteKing Canute
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48. What historical document recorded the48. What historical document recorded the
landing of the Normans? 72:54landing of the Normans? 72:54
The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
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49. Explain the assertion that from 1066,49. Explain the assertion that from 1066,
the majority of the English peoplethe majority of the English people
experienced the humiliation of a linguisticexperienced the humiliation of a linguistic
apartheid. 73:56apartheid. 73:56 Religion,law,science, literature were allReligion,law,science, literature were all
conducted in languages other thanconducted in languages other than
English, as words like felony, perjury,English, as words like felony, perjury,attorney, bailiff, and nobility testify.attorney, bailiff, and nobility testify.
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50. What remarkable capacity did the50. What remarkable capacity did the
English language possess after theEnglish language possess after the
Norman Conquest? 74:59Norman Conquest? 74:59
Survived as the common speechSurvived as the common speech
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51. Give two reasons why the English51. Give two reasons why the English
language survived the Normanlanguage survived the Norman
domination. 75:60,61domination. 75:60,61
Old English hardy because itsw fusionOld English hardy because itsw fusion
with the Scandinavian languageswith the Scandinavian languages
English survived because Saxons andEnglish survived because Saxons and
Normans intermarried.Normans intermarried.
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52. What evidence do we have that the52. What evidence do we have that the
law clerks substituted English terms forlaw clerks substituted English terms for
Latin terms? 76:64Latin terms? 76:64
Law Clerk trained in Latin used an englishLaw Clerk trained in Latin used an english
word nameless( pointless)word nameless( pointless)
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53. Describe Edward I attempts at stirring53. Describe Edward I attempts at stirring
up Patriotic fervor on behalf of the Englishup Patriotic fervor on behalf of the English
language. 77:66language. 77:66
Declared that it was the King of FrancesDeclared that it was the King of Frances
detestable purpose which God forbid, todetestable purpose which God forbid, to
wipe out the english tongue.wipe out the english tongue.
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54. Illustrate from Chaucers Canterbury54. Illustrate from Chaucers Canterbury
Tales how the French language had fallenTales how the French language had fallen
in prestige by the 1300s 78:77in prestige by the 1300s 78:77
Chaucers Prioress:Chaucers Prioress:
And Frensh she spak faire and fetshlyAnd Frensh she spak faire and fetshly
After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe,After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe,
For Frenssh of Parys was to hir unknoweFor Frenssh of Parys was to hir unknowe
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55. How did the Bubonic Plague or the55. How did the Bubonic Plague or the
Black Death help the English languageBlack Death help the English language
improve its status? 78:68improve its status? 78:68
After the plague, students at school beganAfter the plague, students at school began
to construe their French and Latin lessonsto construe their French and Latin lessons
in English not French.in English not French.
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56. What influential political gatherings in56. What influential political gatherings in
the 1300s ensured the rise in the status ofthe 1300s ensured the rise in the status of
the English language? 78:64the English language? 78:64
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57. Why did the editor suggest that the57. Why did the editor suggest that the
term Middle English appeared loargely asterm Middle English appeared loargely as
an artificial distinction? 78:65an artificial distinction? 78:65
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58. Characterize the spelling and58. Characterize the spelling and
pronunciation during the time framepronunciation during the time frame
historians describe as Middle English.historians describe as Middle English.
79:7179:71 The same word at the same period inThe same word at the same period in
Middle English was therefore speltMiddle English was therefore spelt
differently in different parts of the country.differently in different parts of the country.
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59. Which speech area became the basis59. Which speech area became the basis
for Standard English of the 20for Standard English of the 20 thth Century?Century?
89:7389:73
The triangle of London, Cambridge, andThe triangle of London, Cambridge, and
Oxford the East Midlands has becomeOxford the East Midlands has become
the basis for Standard Englishthe basis for Standard English
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60. Illustrate the technique of dialect work60. Illustrate the technique of dialect work
carried on by Stanley Ellis and his pupils.carried on by Stanley Ellis and his pupils.
80:7480:74
Stanley Ellis, armed with a recorderStanley Ellis, armed with a recorder
carries on a dialogue with an informant tocarries on a dialogue with an informant to
get all the nuances of pronunciation.get all the nuances of pronunciation.
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61. Why did the East Midland Dialect61. Why did the East Midland Dialect
become the prestige dialect? 80:73become the prestige dialect? 80:73
Nucleus of power, trade, and learning.Nucleus of power, trade, and learning.
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62. What social classes did Chaucer62. What social classes did Chaucer
concentrate upon in hisconcentrate upon in his CanterburyCanterbury
Tales?Tales? 82:7782:77
All classes of men and women from theAll classes of men and women from the
nobility to the lower classes.nobility to the lower classes.
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63. Illustrate the range of borrowing found63. Illustrate the range of borrowing found
in Chaucersin Chaucers Canterbury Tales.Canterbury Tales. 83:7783:77
Peace borrowed from French replacingPeace borrowed from French replacing
English grith.English grith.
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64. How did Dryden honor Chaucer?64. How did Dryden honor Chaucer?
83:7883:78
He must have been a man of a mostHe must have been a man of a most
wonderful comprehensive Nature,wonderful comprehensive Nature,
because , --- he has taken into thebecause , --- he has taken into the
compass of his Canterbury Tales thecompass of his Canterbury Tales the
manners of the whole English nation in hismanners of the whole English nation in hisage.age.
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65. Illustrate how surnames or family65. Illustrate how surnames or family
names emerged in Chaucers time. 84:74names emerged in Chaucers time. 84:74
Occupation: Driver, Butcher, HunterOccupation: Driver, Butcher, Hunter
Mc son of Mc Pherson, McRoryMc son of Mc Pherson, McRory
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66. What did Henry V do to encourage the66. What did Henry V do to encourage the
use of English? 84:79use of English? 84:79
Used English in official documentsUsed English in official documents
including his will.including his will.
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67. How did the resolution by the London67. How did the resolution by the London
Brewers in 1422 bolster the use of theBrewers in 1422 bolster the use of the
English language? 85: 80English language? 85: 80
The Brewers have decided to adoptThe Brewers have decided to adopt
English writing in their craft.English writing in their craft.
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68. What part did William Caxton play in68. What part did William Caxton play in
standardizing the spelling of the Englishstandardizing the spelling of the English
language? 86:81language? 86:81
Decided to reproduce the English ofDecided to reproduce the English ofLondon as the standard.London as the standard.
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69. Explain the difficulties Caxton69. Explain the difficulties Caxton
encountered when he tried to settle on aencountered when he tried to settle on a
standard dialect. 87: 83standard dialect. 87: 83
Right in London dialect pronounced Richt-Right in London dialect pronounced Richt-like in Modern German.like in Modern German.
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70. What does the anecdote about eggs70. What does the anecdote about eggs
illustrate about Caxtons difficulty atillustrate about Caxtons difficulty at
arriving at a standard lexical and spellingarriving at a standard lexical and spelling
choice? 86:82choice? 86:82 Egges eyren eggysEgges eyren eggys
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71. Why does the editor blame Caxton for71. Why does the editor blame Caxton for
some of the exasperating spellingsome of the exasperating spelling
conventions in the English language?conventions in the English language?
87:8387:83 The gh is still in the spelling.The gh is still in the spelling.
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72. Explain the resistance to the influx of72. Explain the resistance to the influx of
Latin words into the English vocabulary.Latin words into the English vocabulary.
87:8487:84
Bishop Peacock instead of impenetrableBishop Peacock instead of impenetrableungothroughsomeungothroughsome
Inconceivable-not-to-be-thought-upon-Inconceivable-not-to-be-thought-upon-
ableable
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73. What were some of the first dramatic73. What were some of the first dramatic
productions to emerge out of the newproductions to emerge out of the new
East-Midland standard? 88:86East-Midland standard? 88:86
Mankind- Morality playMankind- Morality play
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