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Hemodynamic Profile Analysis: Making Sense of the Numbers
Sandra Goldsworthy RN PhD CNCC(C) CMSN(C) Associate Professor University of Calgary, Canada August 29th , 2015 Seoul, South Korea
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Session Objectives
Review of cardiac output determinants (Preload, Afterload, Contractility, Perfusion) Discussion of the meaning of abnormal
values Common hemodynamic profiles Case study practice with systematic analysis
of hemodynamic profiles using case studies
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?????? Parameter Hemodynamic Value CO 3.0 l/min
Cardiac Index (C.I.) 1.8 l/min/m2 l/min/m2
Heart Rate (H.R.) 119 min
Right atrial pressure (RAP) 8 mmHg
Wedge 22 mmHg
Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index (LVSWI)
10.3 g/m2/beat
Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index (RVSWI)
2.7 g/m2/beat
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) 1800 Dynes-sec/cm-5
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)
240 Dynes-sec/cm-5
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) 42/26 mmHg
Blood Pressure (B/P) 88/48 mmHg
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Determinants of Cardiac Output
Preload
Afterload
Contractility
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PRELOAD
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The Basics…
Preload
The amount of stretch in the ventricles at the end
of diastole Is related to volume, compliance
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Numbers Related to Preload
Left Side Wedge (normal= 6-12 mmHg) Right Side Jugular Venous Distention (JVD) CVP/RAP (normal= 0-7 mmHg)
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What do the abnormal numbers mean?
High Wedge Seen in positive pressure ventilation Hypervolemia Mitral valve malfunction LV failure Cardiac tamponade Low Wedge Hypovolemia vasodilation
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RAP/CVP Abnormals
High Low
Hypervolemia Vasodilation (i.e. with venous vasodilators such as nitrates and morphine)
Tricuspid dysfunction Hypovolemia
Right Ventricular (RV) failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Positive Pressure Ventilation
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Afterload
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Afterload
The amount of resistance the ventricle has to overcome to eject the blood
Affected by volume, cardiac function and vascular impedance
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Afterload
Numbers related to Afterload: Left side Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) Normal= 800-1200 dynes-sec/cm-5
Right Side Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) Normal= <250 dynes-sec/cm-5
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What do the abnormal afterload numbers mean?
Parameter High Low
PVR Pulmonary hypertension (i.e. pulmonary embolism)
Broncho-vasodilation
SVR Vasoconstriction hypertension
Vasodilation
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CONTRACTILITY
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Contractility
The contractile force of the ventricles
Ability to shorten muscle fibres without altering
length of muscle or preload
Sympathetic nervous system —catecholamines increase
Metabolic states —acidosis decreases
Medications
Affected by damage (ie MI) or disease (ie
cardiomyopathy)
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Numbers Relating to Contractility
Ejection Fraction (E.F.) normal=60-80% Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index (LVSWI)
normal=50-62 g/m2/beat Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index
(RVSWI) normal = 5-10 g/m2/beat
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What do the abnormal contractility values mean?
Parameter High Low LVSWI
Inotropic effect (i.e. dopamine) Compensatory response
MI Beta Blockers Heart failure Cardiogenic Shock Fluid Overload
RVSWI
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Common Hemodynamic Profiles
Profile Expected Findings High Low
Hypovolemic Shock
HR, SVR C.O., C.I., RVSWI, LVSWI, RAP, Wedge
Cardiogenic Shock
Wedge, RAP, HR, SVR
C.I., C.O., LVSWI, RVSWI
Pulmonary Hypertension
PAd (PAd 3-5mmHg > than wedge), PVR
Septic Shock (early)
C.I./C.O., HR RAP, PAP, Wedge, SVR
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Hemodynamic Profile Systematic Approach
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Step 1:Systematic Approach
Step 1 Analyze the numbers in the profile (i.e. high, low or normal)
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Step 2:Systematic Approach
Step 2 Using the ‘grid’ approach, discuss the values in terms of preload, afterload, contractility and perfusion.
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The GRID Approach
Perfusion C.O./C.I. HR MAP PAP
Preload RAP/CVP Wedge
Contractility LVSWI/RVSWI EF
Afterload SVR PVR
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PERFUSION
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Perfusion
How well the tissues are being oxygenated. Measured by:
—Clinical assessment (i.e. colour, LOC) —C.O. normal= 4.0-8.0 litres/min —/C.I. normal 2.5-4.0 litres/min/m2
—HR normal 60-100/beats/min —MAP normal 70-105mmHg —B/P
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Step 3: Systematic Approach
Step 3 Discuss potential causes of this hemodynamic disturbance (i.e. septic shock)
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Step 4: Systematic Approach
Step 4 Discuss expected treatment for this profile.
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Practice
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Case 1
Mr. S, 52 years old Admitted to the ICU after surgery for repair of
hemothorax after a gunshot wound Massive blood loss pre op Estimated Blood Loss in OR = 1 litre He has had 5 L of normal saline and 2 units of
packed cells Past medical history= MI 5 years ago, angioplasty 2
years ago
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Here is his profile?
CO 2.8 CI 1.5 HR 129 RAP 1 Wedge 3 LVSWI 13.1 RVSWI 1.8 SVR 2200 PVR 225 PAP 18/6 B/P 80/43
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Step 1: Analyze the numbers (high, low or normal?)
Parameter Analysis SVR, HR High CO, CI, Wedge, PAP, RVSWI, LVSWI, B/P
Low
PVR Normal
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Step 2: Use the grid approach
Perfusion LOW (decreased CO/CI, B/P and increased HR)
Preload LOW (decreased RAP/Wedge)
Contractility LOW (decreased LVSWI/RVSWI)
Afterload HIGH (Left side) (increased SVR)
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Answer
This patient is in hypovolemic shock and requires fluid resuscitation
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CASE 2
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Mr. J. 44 y.o. transported to a regional ER after
having chest pain x 6 hours ST elevation V2- V6
History of 2 previous MIs Despite fibrinolytic given in ER, he is now
hypotensive with an S3 heard at the apex and crackles in lung bases bilaterally
u.o. has been marginal for last 2 hours
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Here are his numbers: CO 3.0 CI 2.0 HR 119 RAP 8 Wedge 22 LVSWI 10.3 RVSWI 2.7 SVR 2000 PVR 240 PAP 42/26 B/P 80/58
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Step 1: analyze the numbers
SVR, PAP,HR, Wedge
high
LVSWI,RVSWI, CO, CI, B/P
low
PVR, RAP normal
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Step 2: Apply Grid Approach
Perfusion POOR
Preload HIGH
Contractility LOW
Afterload HIGH
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Answer(Step 3)
This patient is in cardiogenic shock.
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Step 4
Expected Treatment?
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Summary
Hemodynamic Profile Systematic Review Recap Step 1: Analyze the numbers Step 2: Discuss the numbers using the systematic approach Step 3: What does the profile represent? Step 4: Expected Treatment
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Questions? [email protected]