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HF 10130,000 kHz and
DownCommunications Academy
2004Ward Silver - NØAX
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HF101 2
Questions, Questions
• What Should I Expect?• Where Is Everybody?• What Gear Do I Need?• How Do I Make a Contact on HF?• What is Propagation Like?• What is There to Do Down There?
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HF101 3
What Should I Expect?
The Familiar
![Page 4: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HF101 4
What Should I Expect?
• Regional Coverage– 160, 80, 60, and 40 meters– Daytime coverage up to 200-400
miles– Nighttime to 1000 miles
![Page 5: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HF101 5
What Should I Expect?
• Nets
![Page 6: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HF101 6
What Should I Expect?
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HF101 7
What Should I Expect?
• Nets– Same structure and protocols for
directed nets– Local/Regional plus National &
International– Off-frequency traffic– National Traffic System– Good complement to VHF/UHF nets
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HF101 8
What Should I Expect?
• Calling Frequencies– Many special interest groups
• QRP, SSTV, RTTY, IOTA
– Beacons on “100” by NCDXF– Net listings - ARRL Net Directory– ARRL Band Plans list frequencies
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HF101 9
What Should I Expect?
• Operating Mobile and Portable
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HF101 10
What Should I Expect?
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HF101 11
What Should I Expect?
• Operating Mobile and Portable– All-band rigs (IC706, FT100, TS50,
DX70)– Electrically short & low antennas– “Antenna Tuners”– All simplex on HF
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HF101 12
What Should I Expect?
The Unfamiliar
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HF101 13
What Should I Expect?
• CW and SSB and Digital Modes– AM modulation, not FM– Different operating methods
• Phonetics - learn standard set• Slightly more formal introductions• Reporting of conditions and equipment
– Digital modes use sound card or MPC
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HF101 14
What Should I Expect?
• Simplex As a Rule– Repeaters - 10-meter FM (29.6 - 29.7
MHz)– AM modes are narrowband, more
efficient– Noisier than FM– Transmissions tend to be shorter– Bands are more congested
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HF101 15
What Should I Expect?
• Noise– AM modes do not suppress noise– QRN: Natural and Man-made– QRM: Adjacent channels– Weak-signal contacts are common– Fading and Flutter
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HF101 16
What Should I Expect?
• A Lot of Tuning– No “channels” on HF, only sub-bands
• Memory channels used on radios
– Shifting to avoid QRM is common– Receiving filters are required– Scanning covers a continuous range– Chirp and Drift
![Page 17: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
HF101 17
What Should I Expect?
• Looooong Distances and New Prefixes
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HF101 18
What Should I Expect?
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HF101 19
What Should I Expect?
• Looooong Distances and New Prefixes– Worldwide coverage with a few watts
of CW– International contacts are routine– Time of day and seasonal aspects– Maps and Geography are fun!– The Language of Call Signs
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HF101 20
What Should I Expect?
• Pileups & Contests– A big pileup is an amazing thing!– VHF+ contests are good intro to HF
contests– Field Day! (not a contest, but
competitive)– Listen to understand the format– Jump in and try!
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HF101 21
Where is Everybody?
• Band Plans– Sub-bands and conventions
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HF101 22
Where is Everybody?
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HF101 23
Where is Everybody?
• Band Plans– Sub-bands and conventions
• Calling Frequencies & “Watering Holes”
• Band Characteristics– WARC bands– Day and Night– Seasons
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HF101 24
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
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HF101 25
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
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HF101 26
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
• The Rig - about 1/2 of your budget– 100 watts is fine, QRP with some
experience– SSB/CW covers 99%– Computer interface is handy– Extra filters are worth the money– Used gear (less than 10 yrs) is fine– You DON’T need an amplifier to start
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HF101 27
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
• The Antenna - about 1/3rd of your budget– Dipoles and Doublets and Wire
Antennas
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HF101 28
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
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HF101 29
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
• The Antenna - about 1/3rd of your budget– Dipoles and Doublets and Wire Antennas– Ground-plane Verticals– Multi-band Antennas– Beware of “do-everything” antennas– Beware of small antennas (TANSTAAFL)– Don’t be afraid to experiment!
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HF101 30
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
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HF101 31
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
• Accessories - about 1/6th of your budget– “Antenna tuners”– Filters, headphones, and microphones– Digital data interfaces– CW keyer and key or paddles– Computer software
• logging• digital data modulation/demodulation
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HF101 32
What Kind of Gear Do I Need?
• Fixed vs. Mobile vs. Portable– Mobiling
• All-band rigs are popular• Tunable or swappable antennas
– Portable• QRP is very active activity• Weight and power draw are important
– Antenna efficiency is key for both
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HF101 33
How Do I Make a Contact?
• Listening
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HF101 34
How Do I Make a Contact?
• Listening• Breaking in or joining a QSO
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HF101 35
How Do I Make a Contact?
• Listening• Breaking in or joining a QSO• Calling CQ
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HF101 36
How Do I Make a Contact?
• Listening• Breaking in or joining a QSO• Calling CQ• Signal Reports and Stuff
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HF101 37
How Do I Make a Contact?
• Listening• Breaking in or joining a QSO• Calling CQ• Signal Reports and Stuff• The Weather
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HF101 38
How Do I Make a Contact?
• Listening• Breaking in or joining a QSO• Calling CQ• Signal Reports and Stuff• The Weather & “The Long
Goodbye”• QSLs
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HF101 39
What is Propagation Like ?
• The Ionosphere
F2
F1
E
D
UV
Ground Wave
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HF101 40
What is Propagation Like ?
• The Ionosphere– 50 to 500 miles up– D, E, F1 and F2 layers– Effect of solar radiation (UV)– MUF– “Skip” or “Hops”
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HF101 41
What is Propagation Like ?
• The Sun– UV ionizes the upper layers, raises
MUF– MUF tends to “follow the sun”– More sunspots = Higher MUF– A and K indices from WWV and NOAA– Solar cycle, minimum in 2005/2006– Solar flares and other disturbances
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HF101 42
What is Propagation Like ?
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HF101 43
What is Propagation Like ?
• High-bands and Low-bands– High: 20 - 10 meters (14 -28 MHz)
• Highest open band is best• 20 and 17 widest coverage now• 15, 12, and 10 mostly in southerly
directions
– Low: 160 - 30 meters (1.8 - 10 MHz)• Absorption high in the day, low at night• Watch at sunset and sunrise
![Page 44: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
HF101 44
What is Propagation Like ?
• “Skip Zone”– Results from ground-wave versus sky-
wave– Sky-wave depends on MUF and signal
angle– Up to 200 miles on 40-meters– 30- and 40-meters can “go long”– 60-meters is good transition band– 80- and 160-meters are solid at night
![Page 45: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
HF101 45
What is There to Do?
• Emcomm, Nets, and Public Service– Join your local ARES HF net– State Emergency Nets (WSEN 3985
kHz)– NTS and Traffic Handling– Hurricane Net (14.325 MHz)– Maritime and Mobile Service Nets
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HF101 46
What is There to Do?
• Random QSOs and “Ragchewing”– Tune the bands and “read the mail”– Answer CQs or join a contact
![Page 47: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
HF101 47
What is There to Do?
• Random QSOs and “Ragchewing”– Tune the bands and “read the mail”– Answer CQs or join a contact– You’ll never “time out”!
![Page 48: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
HF101 48
What is There to Do?
• New Modes– Try CW, it’s fun!
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HF101 49
What is There to Do?
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HF101 50
What is There to Do?
• New Modes– Try CW, it’s fun!– SSB is a natural– Digital Modes
• RTTY and PSK• PACTOR and WinLink• SSTV
![Page 51: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
HF101 51
What is There to Do?
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HF101 52
What is There to Do?
• Experimenting - Electronics & Antennas– Lots and lots of kits to build– HF is more tolerant of wiring techniques– Try a homebrew transmitter (QRP!)– Make your own antennas– Antenna modeling software and courses
![Page 53: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
HF101 53
What is There to Do?
• DX-ing and Contests
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HF101 54
What is There to Do?
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HF101 55
What is There to Do?
• DX-ing and Contests– DXCC, WAZ, IOTA programs– DX-peditions: operations from rare
locations– Contests are good exercise
• Contest calendars for listings• All sizes, modes, and coverage• Great for chasing awards• Especially good for learning propagation
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HF101 56
What is There to Do?
• Award Programs or “Wallpaper Chasing”– K1BV Awards Directory, >3000
awards– WAS and County Hunting– Specialty awards: regional, mode,
band– Special events
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HF101 57
What is There to Do?
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HF101 58
What is There to Do?
• Award Programs or “Wallpaper Chasing”– K1BV Awards Directory, >3000 awards– WAS and County Hunting– Specialty awards: regional, mode, band– Special events– On-the-air clubs and groups
• Ten-Ten, QRP ARCI and American QRP• YLRL, County Hunters
![Page 59: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
HF101 59
How Do I Find Out More?
• ARRL Web site– Band plans & Calling Frequencies– Tutorial Articles & Glossary
• QRZ.com, AC6V.com, eHam.net portals
• Email lists & Newsletters– QRP, TowerTalk, Antennas, RFI– ARRL Letter, Propagation, Rate Sheet
![Page 60: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
HF101 60
How Do I Find Out More?
• ARRL Publications– “Operating Manual”– “Handbook”– “FCC Rule Book”
• QST, CQ, WorldRadio• “How To…” books on every HF
specialty• Plus - my favorite...
![Page 61: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
HF101 61
“Ham Radio for
Dummies”by NØAX
![Page 62: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
HF101 62
How Do I Find Out More?
Join a club and participateGet on the air
Go to conventions and hamfestsAsk questions
Sit up straight and brush your teeth
![Page 63: HF 101 30,000 kHz and Down Communications Academy 2004 Ward Silver - NØAX](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ebd5503460f94bc70bc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
HF101 63
THANK YOU!