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Higher functions
HaythamEloqayli
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Higher functions
sensation (somatic, vision, and hearing)
motor
primary areas (primary motor area, primarysensory areas)
the secondary areas (secondary sensory areas,
premotor and supplementary motor areas )
association areas
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The most important association areas are
(1) the parieto-occipitotemporal association
area,
(2) the prefrontal association area, and
(3) the limbic association area
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Higher functions
primary sensory areas detect specificsensations-visual, auditory, or somatic.
secondary sensory areas analyze the specificsensation (e.g details: shape or texture , color..etc)
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association areas
receive and analyze signals simultaneously
from multiple regions ( both the motor andsensory cortices and from subcorticalstructures)
Interpretation of the received signals
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1. Analysis of the Spatial Coordinates of the Body: therelation of the body with the surroundings
2. Area for Initial Processing of Visual Language(Reading) :feeds the Wernicke's area with the words we read.
This area called anguler gyrus.3. Area for Naming Objects:names are learned through auditory
input and visual input4. Area for Language Comprehension (Wernicke's area)
- interpreting the complicated meanings of the sensoryexperiences (somatic, auditory, visual)
-use these to form thought
- choice of word
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Prefrontal Association Area :
-plan of motor movements
-Broca's Area: word formation through the motor control of the
muscles of speech (mouth, larynx, respiratory system..etc)
-elaboration of thoughts
Limbic Association Area: anterior pole of the temporallobe, in the ventral portion of the frontal lobe.
-behavior, emotions, and motivation
-aggressiveness and social response
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Wernicke's (sensory)Aphasia:unable to interpretthe thought
-auditory receptive aphasiainability to understand the spoken word
-visual receptive aphasia: inability to understand the written word
-global aphasia: inability to understand both spoken word andwritten word due to widespread damage to Wernicke's area
Motor Aphasia:person is capable of deciding what he or shewants to say but cannot say it (cannot form words). results fromdamage to Broca's speech area
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Same patient with large menengioma (coronal T1+ and T2 which showthe MCA going around the tumor)
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Malignent Lt. MCA infarction
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prosophenosiais inability to recognize faces due toextensive damage on the medial undersides of bothoccipital lobes and along the medioventral surfaces ofthe temporal lobes
dominant hemisphere:the functions of the speech andmotor control areas, are highly developed in onecerebral hemisphere than in the other.
Lt side in nearly all right handed and in more than 95 %of the Lt handed.
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Memory and learning
Learning
acquisition of knowledge/information
Memoryretention of learned information
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memories are stored by changing the basic sensitivityof synaptic transmission (facilitated pathways calledmemory traces)
Sensitization: facilitationof the synaptic pathways ifthe information is important.
Habituation: inhibitionof the synaptic pathways if theinformation is unimportant (ignorance or no storageof the memory)
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(1) short-term memory
(2) intermediate long-term memories
(3) long-term memory
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Declarative memorybasically means memoryof details, thought, verbal.
Skill memoryis memory of motor activities
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(1) short-term memory-memories that last for seconds or at most minutes
-may result from continual neural activity
(2) intermediate long-term memories,-memories that last for days to weeks
- result from temporary chemical or physical changes at the level of thesynapse
(3) long-term memory-lasts weeks to lifetime
-result from structural changes at the synapse ( at the level of theDNA)
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Consolidation of Memory
-Means convertion of short-term memory to into long-
term memory
-Rehearsal enhance this process
-Momories are codified: stored according to similarities
and differences
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Anterograde Amnesia: inability to establishintermediate memory or long-term memory(cannotform new memories)
e.g hippocampus lesionsRetrograde Amnesia
-Inability to recall Memories from the Past
-amnesia for recent events is likely to be muchgreater than for events of the distant past
e.g damage in some thalamic areas
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Amnesia
Disorders of memory
Anterograde amnesia: deficit in learningnew information
Retrograde amnesia: deficit in recallingpreviously learned information
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H.M.
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Lt hippocampus tumor in a patient with epilepsy, difficult to see with T1or T2 and no contrast enhancement but seen with flair (low gradeastrocytoma)
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hippocampal lesions,
-Anterograde amnesia but retrograde amnesia can
occur.
- Involves declarative memoryand spare the skillmemory.
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