Download - Hilary Flynn Biogas Beyond Biofuels WI
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Beyond Biofuels: Renewable Energy Opportuni8es for US Farmers
Speakers: Arne Jungjohann, Heinrich Böll Founda7on
Hilary Flynn, Meister Consultants Group
Madison, Wisconsin
October 15, 2010
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Part 1: How German Farmers Harvest the Fields, the Wind and the Sun
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Why is Germany moving aggressively towards renewable energies?
1. Figh7ng climate change 2. Global markets for green technologies 3. New and well‐paying jobs 4. Energy security (e.g. Russian natural gas)
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Germany – renewables across all sectors
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Germany – renewables for transport
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Germany – renewables for hea8ng
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Germany: renewable electricity Feed‐in tariffs drive wind, biomass, solar
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Germany: renewable electricity
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Renewable energies = good business
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Renewable energies = new jobs
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Farms & renewables: Solar PV
German farmers install each year 200‐250 MW of PV (US: 207MW in 2007)
RooXops in 2009: ca 1,000 MW on Barns ca 3,000 MW Total
Paul Gipe, wind‐works.org
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Farms & renewables: Wind
• more than 20,000 windmills (2009)
• Early driven by farmers in the 1990ies • Windy northern Länder with strongest growth • Schleswig‐Holstein: 40% RE today, 100% by 2020 • Community‐owned windfarms (45% of market by 2005)
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Feed‐in tariff (FIT) rates (biogas example)
2009 2010
Technology or Feedstock €/kwh Notes
Base Feed‐in tariff (FIT) 0.117 0.116 capacity<150 kW
Premium if technology is agricultural biogas 0.070 0.069 capacity<500 kW
Premium if biogas unit uses 30% liquid manure feedstock 0.040 0.040 capacity<150 kW
Premium if primary feedstock is "waste from cleaning natural open spaces" 0.020 0.020 capacity<500 kW
Premium if unit employs cogenera7on 0.030 0.030 capacity<20,000 kW
• Guaranteed grid access and long‐term contracts for electricity generators
• Rate based on cost of genera7on plus reasonable profit • Decreasing payment levels over 7me
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Farms & renewables: Biogas
Sources: German Biogas Associa8on 2010
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Farms & renewables: Biogas
• 5,000 installa7ons in 2010 • Small (<190 kW) and large • Power 3.8 mio households • Germany is leading the EU in biogas produc7on • Biogas as complimentary energy to wind and pv
Source: German Biomass Research Center 2009
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Conclusion Part 1:
What are the drivers for German farmers to invest in renewable energies?
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Driver #1: comprehensive climate and energy policy with ambi8ous targets ‐ > targets for 2020: • 40% less GHG emissions (270 Mio. Tons) • 30% share of renewable energy in electricity • 14% share of renewable energy in hea7ng • (EU energy package: 20‐20‐20 by 2020) ‐> Policies: • carbon taxes in 1999 • feed‐in tariffs in 2000 • Cap & trade in 2005 • Renewable Energy Ac7on Plan in 2010
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Germany’s Renewable Energy Ac8on Plan for 2020
• Target: 18% renewable energies of overall energy consump7on by 2020
– electricity : at least 30% (though expected to be >38%) – heat sector: 14% – Transport: 13.2%
• Next technical challenges: – Grid upgrade (to include offshore wind) – storage capacity upgrade – Smart grid technology for flexible management
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Driver #2: pro‐ac8ve German Farm Bureau and renewable energy industry
• Deutscher Bauernverband (DBV) is lobbying for ambi7ous renewable energy policies
• DBV is recognizing climate change as a threat
• renewable energy industry is well‐organized (e.g. German Biogas Associa7on in 1992) and collabora7ng
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Driver #3: Social catalysts in Germany
• Machinery syndicates (>250) work as rural coopera7ves and advise farmers, aggregate orders, and organize installa7ons & maintenance.
• Banks: solid calcula7on by farmers, safe (=good) business for the banks.
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Driver #4: Rural Communi8es striving for 100% renewables
• Regional economic development:
farmers, planners, craXsmen • Jühnde was the 1st village to be energy independent in power and heat (biogas for CHP, addi7onal wood chips in winter)
• www.100‐ee‐kongress.de by Federa7on of German Municipali7es (DStGB)
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Summary: German farmers are becoming energy entrepreneurs, because
1. A comprehensive na7onal climate and energy strategy, including a feed‐in tariff (FIT) for investment certainty
2. Pro‐ac7ve farm bureau and renewable energy industry lobby
3. Social catalysts like banks and machinery syndicates 4. Communi7es striving for 100% RE regions
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Part 2: How US Farmers Can Profit From Wind, Biomass, and Solar
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The Role of Renewable Energy in the Na8on’s Energy Supply, 2008
Source: U.S. EIA.
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Renewables on American Farms
• Situa7on: Ethanol is the biggest renewable energy success story in the US, with wind, solar, biogas and biodiesel resources being underu7lized.
• Challenge: American farmers could reap benefits of the same level as their German counterparts, if the right poli7cal and social support mechanisms were in place and barriers removed.
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Wind & Solar Power • In 2009, farmers & local landowners owned 638 MW (1.8%)
of total installed wind capacity.
• Farmers more likely to lease land to wind farms than own turbines themselves: lost revenue opportunity.
• Policies: RPS, PTC boom‐bust cycles.
• No es7mates of PV on farms, but ~200 MW were installed in the U.S. in 2007. • German farmers alone install
the same amount annually.
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Biomass
• DOE/USDA determined that the U.S. has the capability of supplying 1 billion dry tons of biomass from farms by 2030.
• Biomass was 4% of total US energy consump7on (2008). • At 6%, bioenergy could
generate $20 billion in new income for farmers.
Source: NREL.
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Biomass for Transporta8on
Ethanol Biodiesel
• U.S. is the largest producer of ethanol in the world, with 53% in 2008.
• 6.7 billion gallons consumed in 2007
• ~5% of non‐diesel motor fuel (2007)
• U.S is the 3rd largest producer of biodiesel in
the world, following Germany and France in
2008.
• 0.358 billion gallons consumed in 2007
• ~0.7% of total diesel fuel (2007)
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Biomass for Electricity and Heat
Biomass share of net renewable electricity genera7on: 13.1%
Biomass share of net electricity genera7on: 1.37% (2009)
Recent study: electricity from biomass is a more efficient transporta7on fuel than ethanol (Campbell et al, 2009).
Liule data on bioheat, but thermal uses of biomass could reduce GHG emissions earlier than through electricity genera7on.
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Biogas
In comparison, 5,000 anaerobic digesters in Germany.
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Part 3: Differences Between Germany and the United States
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Germany Driver #1: Comprehensive climate and energy policy with ambi8ous targets…
• However, in the US, energy policies are oXen developed at a state level….
• Lack of targets on federal level (except biofuels)
• Federal policies lack con7nuity and differ greatly between administra7ons.
29 States + DC have an RPS.
Growing interests in FiTs at state and municipal level….
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Germany Driver #2: A pro‐ac8ve German Farm Bureau and renewable energy industry …
• In the US, major farm lobbies have tradi7onally been skep7cal of climate change.
• However, there are differing views among major farm lobbies.
• Lack of cohesion among renewable energy associa7ons
• Growing support for a RES, especially with a broad defini7on of biomass.
• Some US farm lobbies not convinced that climate legisla7on is affordable.
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Germany Driver #3: Social catalysts in Germany …
• US biofuels industry is strongly supported from crop‐specific poli7cal organiza7ons…
• US banks are generally geared towards a few, large‐scaled projects.
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Germany Driver #4: Rural Communi8es striving for 100% renewables …
• Community owned projects only account for 2% of total wind capacity in the US…
• Rural electric coopera7ves in the US, though they tradi7onally generate electricity from coal sources, are slowly gaining an interest in power from renewable sources…..
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Part 4: Concluding Remarks and Recommenda8ons
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• US Farmers and their representa7ves should advocate for state renewable energy policies (specifically feed‐In tariffs)
• US agriculture lobbies should support a comprehensive na7onal climate and energy strategy.
• Rural communi7es should develop strong stakeholder networks.
• The US should diversify feedstocks used for biofuels.
Recommenda8ons
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• Raise awareness of farmers and rural communi7es with an outreach campaign.
• Increase farmer‐to‐farmer exchanges.
• Develop a biogas roadmap for the US.
• Create sustainability criteria for biomass in power, heat, and transport.
• Support research on policy op7ons.
• Evaluate the benefits of renewable energy, distributed genera7on and energy independence with quan7ta7ve analysis.
Sugges8ons for further research and ac8on
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Thank you!