Download - Hindhi Basics
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Pronouns
First Person
I - main
To me - mujhko
My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)We - ham
To us - hamko
Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)
Second Person
You - tum , ap (r)
To you - tumko , apko (r)Your - tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare (pl)
Your (r) - apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl)
Third Person
He, she, it (there) - vo , ve (r)He, she, it (here) - yaha/ yeh, ye (r)
To him, her, it (there) - usko, unko (r)
yaha/ yehTo him, her, it (here) - isko, inko (r)His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)
They - veTo them - unkoTheir - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)
Demonstrative & relative
This - yaha/ yeh
This very, this same - yaha/ yehinThat - vo
That very, that same - voin
These - ye
Those - veWho - kaun
Whom (s) - kis koWhom (pl or r) - kin ko
Whose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)
Which (s) - kaun si
Which (pl) - kis koOf which (s) - kis ki
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Of which (pl) - kin ki
Pronouns in the direct and indirect cases
Singular Plural
Direct - Indirect | Direct - Indirectyaha/ yeh - is | ye - in
yaha/ yehin - isin | ye hin - inhinvo - us | ve - un
voin - usin | ve hin - unhin
kaun - kis | kaun - kin
koin - kisin | koin-koin - kinhinjo - is | o - in
Hindi Verbs
Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to
gender of the subject (masculine, feminine)
number of the subject (singular, plural)
tense (present, past, future)
action (perfect, imperfect, continuous) degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)
Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.
Examples:
bolna to speak
likhna to write
lena to take
ana to come
The stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.
Examples:
bol
likh
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le
a
Present Tense
Present tense ofhona (to be):
main hun I am
tu hai you are (intimate)yaha/ yeh hai this, he, she, it is
vo hai that, he, she, it is
ham hain we are
tum ho you are (familiar)ap hain you are (respect)
ye hain these, they are
ve hain those, they are
Present Imperfect
The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, orti to
the stem of the verb followed by the present tense ofhona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.
main bolta hun I speak tu bolta hai you speak (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bolta hai this, he, it speaks
vo bolta hai that, he, it speaksham bolte hain we speak
tum bolte ho you speak (familiar)
ap bolte hain you speak (respect)ye bolte hain these, they speak
ve bolte hain those, they speak
Present Continuous
The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It isformed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense ofhona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi.
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main bol raha hun I am speaking
tu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)yaha/ yeh bol raha hai this, he, it is speaking
vo bol raha hai that, he, it is speaking
ham bol rahe hain we are speakingtum bol rahe ho you are speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe hain you are speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe hain these, they are speaking
ve bol rahe hain those, they are speaking
Past Tense
Past tense ofhona (to be):
main tha / thi I wastu tha / thi you were (intimate)
yaha/ yeh tha / thi this, he, she, it wasvo tha / thi that, he, she, it was
ham the / thin we were
tum the / thin you were (familiar)ap the / thin you were (respect)
ye the / thin these, they were
ve the / thin those, they were
(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)
Past Imperfect
The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present
imperfect but with the past tense ofhona instead of the present tense.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bolta tha I used to speak
tu bolta tha you used to speak (intimate)yaha/ yeh bolta tha this, he, it used to speak
vo bolta tha that, he, it used to speak
ham bolte the we used to speak tum bolte the you used to speak (familiar)
ap bolte the you used to speak (respect)
ye bolte the these, they used to speak ve bolte the those, they used to speak
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Past Continuous
The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in
English. It is formed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense ofhona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bol raha tha I was speakingtu bol raha tha you were speaking (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bol raha tha this, he, it was speaking
vo bol raha tha that, he, it was speakingham bol rahe the we were speaking
tum bol rahe the you were speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe the you were speaking (respect)ye bol rahe the these, they were speakingve bol rahe the those, they were speaking
Future Tense
Future Imperfect
The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about
the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, oroge/i to
the stem.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed byreplacing the ending a ore with i.
main bolunga I will speak
tu bolega you will speak (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bolega this, he, it will speak
vo bolega that, he, it will speak ham bolenge we will speak
tum bologe you will speak (familiar)
ap bolenge you will speak (respect)ye bolenge these, they will speak
ve bolenge those, they will speak
Future Continuous
The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the
present imperfect but with the future ofraha instead ofhona.
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Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing the ending a ore with i in both verbs.
main bolta rahunga I will be speaking
tu bolta rahega you will be speaking (intimate)yaha/ yeh bolta rahega this, he, it will be speaking
vo bolta rahega that, he, it will be speaking
ham bolte rahenge we will be speakingtum bolte rahoge you will be speaking (familiar)
ap bolte rahenge you will be speaking (respect)
ye bolte rahenge these, they will be speakingve bolte rahenge those, they will be speaking
Imperative
There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative.The tu imperative is the stem itself
The tum imperative is the stem + oThe ap imperative is the stem + ie oriye
Examples:
pani la bring water (intimate)
pani lao bring water (familiar)
pani laie bring water (respect)
The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, ornahin.
Use mat with the tu imperative.Use mat orna with the tum imperative.Use na ornahin with the ap imperative.
Examples:
voan mat ja don't go there (intimate)
voan na jao don't go there (familiar)
voan nahin jaie don't go there (respect)
To Have
There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.
Movable Objects
Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.
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Examples:
Ram ke pas gari hai Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")
mera pas kitab hai I have a book ("near me a book it is")
Immovable Objects
Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive
particles ka, ki, ke.
Examples:
uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is")
Ram ke do bete hain Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")
Verb list
A
to advance - age barhna
to answer - awab denato arrive - ana, pahunchana
to attack - hamla karna
to attempt - koshish karna
B
to bathe - nahana
to be - honato bear - sahna
to beat - marna
to beg - mangnato behave - bartav karnato believe - vishwas karna
to be sleepy - nind ana
to be tired - thaknato bind - bandhna
to bite - katna
to break - torna
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to breakfast - nasta karna
to bring - lana
to bring up - palnato burn - alna, jalana
to burst - phutana
to bury - dafnana
C
to call - bulana
to care - parwah karna
to cast - dhalnato catch - pakarna
to change - badalna
to clean - saf karnato climb - charhna
to comb - kanghi karnato come - anato converse - bat karna
to cook - pakana
to copy - nakal karna
to cover - dhaknato creep - rengna
to cry - chillana, rona
to cruch - kuchalnato cut - katna
D
to depart - uda hona, alag hona, janato decend - utarna
to dig - khodna
to die - marna
to dine - khana khanato do - karna
to dream - sapna dekhna
to drink - pinato dry - sukhna, sukhana
to dye - rangna
E
to eat - khana
to excuse - maf karna
to expect - asha karnato explain - samjhana
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to express - vichar prakat karna
F
to fall - girna
to fear - darnato fight - larna
to fill - bharnato fly (in air) - urna
to fly (run away) - bhag jana
to forget - bhulna
to forgive - maf karna
G
to get - pana
to get up - uthanato give - dena
to go - ana
H
to have - hona, rakhna
to hate - nafarat karna
to hear - sunna
to help - sahayata dena, madad denato hide - chhipana
I
to improve - thik karnato irrigate - pani dena
to irritate - chirhana, naraz karna
J
to jump - kudna
to join - orna
to judge - vichar karna
K
to keep - rakhna
to kick - thokar marna
to kill - marnato kiss - chumna, chumma lena
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to know - anna
L
to laugh - hansna
to lead - karne denato learn - sikhna
to let - makan kiraye denato lie (on bed) - letna
to lie (speak) - huth bolna
to lift - uthana
to like - chahnato live (reside) - rahna
to live (not to die) - ina
to look - dekhnato lose - khona
to love - pyar karna
M
to make - banana
to measure - napnato mould - dhalna
to move - sarkana
N
to nibble - kutarna
O
to open - kholna
to order - hukum dena
P
to pat - thapthapana
to pay - dena
to play - khelnato play (music) - baja bajanato pour - dalna
to promise - vada karna
to pronounce - bolnato pull - khinchna
to push - dhakka dena
to put - rakhna
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Q
to quarral - hagra karna
R
to read - parhna
to receive - panato recollect - yad karna
to recommend - sifarish karna
to reject - napasnd karnato reply - awab dena
to ride - charhna
to rise - uthana
S
to say - kahna
to scold - dantna
to see - dekhna, talash karnato seek - dhundhana
to sell - bechna
to send - bhejnato sew - sina
to shake - hilna
to shout - chillanato show - dikhana
to shut - band karnato sing - gana
to sit - baithnato sleep - sona
to smell - sunghana
to solve - hal karnato sow - bona
to speak - bolna
to spin - katnato spit - thukna
to stay - thaharna
to steal - churanato stop - thaharna, tharana
to swim - tairna
T
to take - lenato talk - batchit karna
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to taste - chakhna
to tear - pharna
to tease - tang karnato tell - kahna, batana
to think - sochna
U
to understand - samajhna
V
to mit - ulti karna
W
to walk - chalna, ghumnato wander - idhar-udhar phirna
to wash - dhonato waste - barbad karna
to weep - rona
to weave - bunna
Nouns
Gender
There are two genders in Hindi: masculine and feminine.
Rule of thumb: nouns ending on a are masculine and nouns ending on i are feminine.There are exceptions.
Number
There are two numbers in Hindi: singular and plural.
Case
There are two cases in Hindi: direct and indirect case.
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Indirect case: Used when the noun is followed by a postposition.
Direct case: Otherwise
Masculine nouns on -a
Direct Indirect (larka = boy)
Singular larka larkePlural lark e larkon
Other masculine nouns
Direct Indirect (guru = teacher)Singular guru guru
Plural guru guruon
Feminine nouns on -i
Direct Indirect (larki = girl)
Singular larki larkiPlural lark iyan larkiyon
Other feminine nouns
Direct Indirect (kitab = book)
Singular kitab kitab
Plural kitaben kitabon
Postpositions
Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.
The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.
The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.
nominative larki the girl (direct case)
genitive
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s, m larki ka kam the work of the girl
s, f larki ki bat the word of the girl
pl, m larki ke kam the works of the girl
pl, f larki ki baten the words of the girldative larki ko to the girl
accusative
larki a girl (direct case)
larki ko the girl
cative larki girl! (direct case)
ablative larki se from / with / of the girl
agentive larki ne the girl
locative
larki men in the girl
larki par on / upon / after the girl
larki tak as far as / as long as / up to the girl
Adjectives
An adjective ending with -a changes form according to the gender and number of thenoun it qualifies.
chota = small
SingularMasculine Femininechota kamra choti narangichota ghar choti mez
Plural Masculine Femininechote kamre choti narangiyanchote ghar choti mezen
Other adjectives do not change form.
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saf = clean
Masculine Feminine
Singular saf kamra saf mez
Plural saf kamre saf mezen
The comparative and superlative forms are made by adding the words usase (orse) andsabse in front of the positive form.
Positive sundar
Comparative usase sundar / se sundar
Superlative sabse sundar
When an adjective is repeated twice it emphasises different kinds of the noun or the
intensity or selectivity.
Adjective list
easy - asandifficult - mushkil
sweet - mitha
bitte - karwa
sour - khattagood - achchha
bad - kharab
blunt - bhauntasharp - paina
dark - light
open - khulaclosed - band
full - bhara
empty - khalitired - thaka
fresh - taza
stale - basifat - mota
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lean - dubla
dirty - ganda
clean - saf thick - mota
thin - patla
true - sachchafalse - hutha
distant - dur
near - pas
hot - garamcold - thanda
honest - imandar
dishonest - beimanhollow - pola
solid - thos
liquid - taral
glad - khusk sad - ranjida
wealthy - maldar rich - dhani
poor - garib
healthy - tandurustsick - bimar
long - lamba
short - chhota
new - nayaold - purana
young - awan
old - buddhalight (color) - halka
dark (color) - gahra
light - halka
heavy - bharipolite - namra
rude - badtamiz
mannerless - badtamiznarrow - sankra, tang
wide - chaura
broad - chauraactive - phurtila
lazy - sust
smart - hoshiyar dull - mattha, manda
angry - naraz
kind - meharbanpleased - khush
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displeased - naraz
proud - ghamandi
humble - namracheap - sasta
dear - mahnga
dry - sukhawet - gila
clever - hoshiyar
stupid - bewakuf deep - gahra
shallow - uthla
urban - shahri
rural - dehatibrave - vir
coward - kayar
handsome - sundar
pretty - sundar beautiful
- A "DCC TD>u 8 A>
&;- kachcha
cooked - pakasmelling good - khushbudar
smelling bad - badbudar
noisy - shorgul kaquiet - shant
all - sab
little - kuchhinteresting - dilchaspa
dull - ubane wala
durable - mazbutnot durable - kamzor
strong - takatwar
weak - kamzor elder - (usase) bara
younger - (usase) chhota
big - bara
small - chhotahigh (person) - bare
low (person) - chhote
high (things) - unchalow (things) - nicha
some - thora
much - zyadafew - kuchh
many - bahut
right - sahi
wrong - galat
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excellent - barhiya
worthless - raddi
wise - buddhimanfoolish - bewakuf
sweet - mitha
harsh - karanational - deshi ya rashtriya
foreign - videshi
this much - itna, itni
as many - itne, jitnaseveral - kai
that much - utna, utni
such - aisa, aisiwhatever - o kuchh
hard - sakhta
soft - mulayam
other - dusrasame - voi
Different words
Questions
who - kaun
what - kyawhy - kyon
when - kab
where - kahan
how - kaisewhich - kaunsa
how many - kitne
how much - kitna
Cardinal numbers
0 - sunya, sifar
1 - ek 2 - do
3 - tin
4 - char
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5 - panch
6 - chhah
7 - sat8 - ath
9 - nau
10 - das20 - bis
30 - tis
40 - chalis50 - pachas
60 - sath
70 - sattar
80 - assi90 - nabbe
100 - ek sau
101 - ek sau ek
200 - do sau1.000 - ek hazar
lac - ek lakh (100.000)crore - ek karor (10.000.000)
Other words having to do with numbers
1st - pahla
2nd - dusra3rd - tisra
4th - cautha
5th - pancvan6th - chatha
7th - satvan
8th - athvan9th - nauvan
10th - dasvan
1/2 - adha
1/3 - tihai1/4 - cauthai
3/4 - pauna
Colors
black - kala
blue - nila
bright - chamkila
brown - bhuracolor - rang
golden - sunahra
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gray - bhura
green - hara
indigo - baingniorange - naranji
red - lal
rosy - gulabiwhite - safed
yellow - pila
Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...
about (place) - as-pasabout (pertaining to) - bare men
above - upar
across - uspar after - bad men
again - phir again & again - bar-bar
against (opposite) - khilaf against (touching) - bhira kar
alas - afsosaloof - dur almost - karib-karib
also - ohi
although - halankialtogether - ekdam
always - hamesha
among - unke bich men
and - aur around - as
as if - mano
as far as - ahantak as soon as - yonhi
at - taraf
backward - pichhe
backwards &forwards
- age-pichhe
because - kyonki
because (him) - vajah se (uski)
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before - pahle
behind - pichhe
below - nichebeneath - niche
between - bich men
beyond - us par bra - shabash
but - lekin
by - secertainly - zarur
certainly not - hargiz nahin
down - niche
downward - niche ki taraf during - us bich men
early - aldi
either - ya to
enough - kafiespecially - khas kar
even - bhieven then - tab to
ever - hamesha
every moment - hardam
far - dur for - (uske) liye
for ever - hamesha ke liye
forward - agefrom - se
generally - am taur par
gradually - dhire-dhirehence (place) - yaha/ yehan se
hence (time)-&nb "D"OC i8
-yaha/ yehan
voan
hither - yaha/ yehanhow - kaise
how much - kitna
if - agar if not - agar nahin to
if possible - ho sake to
if so - agar aisa hai toimmediate - zaruri, turamt andar
in - andar
in brief - thore menindeed - vastav men
in front of - samne
inparticular - khas taur sein general - am taur se
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in short - thore men
inside - andar
just now - abhi-abhilate - der se
little by little - thora-thora karke
near - pasnever - kabhi nahin
neither - na vo
no - nahinnor - na vo
not - nahin
nothing - kuchh nahin
not yet - abhi tak naninnow - ab
now or never -abhi ya phir kabhi
nahin
of - kaof course - albatta
off - dur oft / often - aksar
on - upar
once - ek bar only - kewal
or - ya
out - bahar out and out - bilkul
over (higher) - upar
over (finished) - khatam
perhaps - shayadplease - krpaya
quite - bilkul
quietly - chupchapreally - sachmuch
scarcely - mushkil se
seldom - kabhi-kabhisince (time) - tab se
since (conditional) - chunki
so - isliyasome - kuchh
somehow - yon tyon karke
so much - itna
so and so - falanaso late - itni der se
so soon - itni jaldi
soon - aldi
still - phir bhi
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sorry - afsos
suddenly - achanak
surely - zarur that (conjunction) - ki
than - se
then - to, tabthere - voan
therefore - isliye
thither - yaha/ yehan sethough - yadyapi
through - us mense
thrice - tin bar
thus - aisetill - tab tak
today - aj
together - ek sath
tomorrow - kaltonight - rat ko
towards - taraf truly - sach taur par
truly - sahi
twice - do bar under - niche
until - tab tak
up - upar unless - ab takvery - bahut
well - achchha
when - kabwhenever - ab kabhi
whenever it de - ab kabhi ho sake
where - cahan
wherever - kahin bhiwhereas - chunki
while - ab tak
why - kyonyes - han
yesterday - kal