![Page 1: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hinduism
1
![Page 2: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hinduism and India
2
![Page 3: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Concept of “Hinduism”
12th Century by the Persians
Originally intended to designate “Indians”
3
![Page 4: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Recall that when Columbus discovered America they were
looking for India
• And called the Native Americans
• Indians
4
![Page 5: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mistaken Impression
• That Hinduism is a Monolithic Religion
• Similar to the Roman Catholic Church
5
![Page 6: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sanatana Dharma
• Sanattana = “Eternal”
• Dharma = “Religion” = “Teaching”
6
![Page 7: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• What we think of as “Hinduism”
encompasses many different sometimes conflicting beliefs and practices
7
![Page 8: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Concept of “India”
• Suggests greater unity and cohesiveness than
there really is
8
![Page 9: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Great Diversity
• Socially • Religiously
• Economically • Geographically
9
![Page 10: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• + 1 Billion People • Host of racial and ethnic
stocks • 16 major languages • Hundreds of dialects • 850 languages daily
10
![Page 11: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Religious Pluralism
80% Hindu 12% Islam
2.5% Christian 2% Sikhism
1% Buddhism 11
![Page 12: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Early Cultures of India
• What we call Hinduism is an amalgamation
of elements from several cultural sources
12
![Page 13: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2 Major Contributors
• The Indus Valley Civilization
• The Aryans
13
![Page 14: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Indus Valley Civilization
• Highly sophisticated ancient society
• Rediscovered by the British in the 19th Century, while
building railroads 14
![Page 15: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Most evidence is based upon archaeological findings
• Civilization flourished between 3000-1500 B.C.
15
![Page 16: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
![Page 17: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bronze Age
• 3000 B.C. – 1200 B.C.
• Ancient Near East • Egyptian Culture • Early Dynastic Period • Age of the Pyramids
17
![Page 18: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• 70 cities have been unearthed
• High degree of organization and central planning
18
![Page 19: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Civilization spanned about 1 million square miles
• Some cities had populations of 40,000
19
![Page 20: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Flood Control Culture • Like Egypt with Nile River • Agriculture • Significant industry and trade - Roughly contemporary with
Egypt and Mesopotamia
20
![Page 21: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sources
• Literate Culture we cannot fully understand
their writing
21
![Page 22: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
writing on bricks and seals
did not use paper or clay tablets
22
![Page 23: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
“Unicorn” seal + writing 23
![Page 24: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
More seals 24
![Page 25: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
…and more seals... 25
![Page 26: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Seated “yogi” : early Shiva? 26
![Page 27: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Major Cities
• Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
surrounded by smaller cities, towns, and villages
27
![Page 28: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Major Cities
• 1 situated in the north • 1 situated in the south
28
![Page 29: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E.
29
![Page 30: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Harappan Culture • Indus valley
–well-watered and heavily forested
30
![Page 31: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Harappan Culture
• 500 miles along the river valley
–10-20 times larger than Mesopotamia or Egypt
31
![Page 32: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Foundations of Harappan Society
• The Indus River
– Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges
32
![Page 33: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Foundations of Harappan Society
• Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500 BC
33
![Page 34: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Foundations of Harappan Society
– Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BC,
- Early cultivation of poultry
– Decline after 1900 BC
34
![Page 35: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
![Page 36: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
![Page 37: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
![Page 38: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Mohenjo-Daro Ruins
• Population c. 40,000 • Regional center
–Layout, architecture suggests public purpose
–Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage
38
![Page 39: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Standardized weights evident throughout region
• Specialized labor
• Trade
39
![Page 40: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Grid map of Mohenjo-daro
40
![Page 41: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
![Page 42: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mohenjo-daro : aerial view 42
![Page 43: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mohenjo-daro: View of the “Citadel” 43
![Page 44: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The “Great Bath” 44
![Page 45: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
another view of the “Great Bath” 45
![Page 46: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
view of a small, side street 46
![Page 47: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
looks like a small tower, but actually it is a neighborhood well
47
![Page 48: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
A bathroom on a private residence 48
![Page 49: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
A public well in Harappa, or perhaps an ancient laundromat...
49
![Page 50: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
A large drain or sewer 50
![Page 51: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
![Page 52: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
![Page 53: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
![Page 54: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Granary 54
![Page 55: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Monumental architecture
• very-large scale building • walled cites, with fortified
citadels • planned economy
55
![Page 56: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cities
• very densely populated
• houses: two to three stories
• every house is laid out the same
56
![Page 57: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Culture and Society
• advanced agriculture
• surplus production
• textiles: wool and cotton
• domesticated animals and fish
57
![Page 58: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Religion
• dominated by priests ?
• power base: fertility ?
• deities: male and female, both nude
• bull worship and phallic symbols
58
![Page 59: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
A priest? A bull
59
![Page 60: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Decline
Combination of Changes
• climate shift: the monsoon patterns
• flooding
60
![Page 61: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Decline
• destruction of the forests
• migrations of new peoples: The Aryans
61
![Page 62: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The Aryan Invasion
62
![Page 63: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
• Most scholars believe that the Indus Civilization came to an end around 1500 B.C.
• when the Aryans migrated into the Indian subcontinent
63
![Page 64: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• There is no archaeological evidence of a conquest
• There is evidence of a co-existence for some time
• But eventually the Aryan Culture became dominant
64
![Page 65: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Aryans, lighter-skinned invaders from the north
• Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of India
• Color / Racial Bias
65
![Page 66: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Possible route of the Aryan invasions 66
![Page 67: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Aryans
• not to be confused with Hitler’s “Aryans”
67
![Page 68: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Aryans, cont.
• these Aryans speak an Indo-European dialect
• related to other languages like Greek and Latin
68
![Page 69: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The Aryans, con’t
• they called themselves “Aryans”
• their land: “Aryavarta” –land of the Aryans
69
![Page 70: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The Early Aryans • Religious and Literary works: • The Vedas
–Sanskrit: sacred tongue
70
![Page 71: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Vedas
• Represent the perspective of the priestly class
• We cannot be certain how widespread these views were
71
![Page 72: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
The Vedas
• Divided into 4 Collections • “Samhitas”
• Each dealing with a different aspect of ritual
72
![Page 73: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Veda = Teaching / Wisdom
• Rig-veda • Yajur-veda • Sama-veda
• Atharva-veda
73
![Page 74: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Rig Veda
• Oldest and most important • 1,000 songs to various gods and
goddesses • “Rig” = Praise
• Written between 2300-1200 B.C.
74
![Page 75: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Yajur Veda
• Instruction for Sacrifices
75
![Page 76: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Sama Veda
• Contains melodies
• Sacrificial songs had to be sung at just the right pitch to
be effective
76
![Page 77: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Atharva Veda
• Spells and incantations for healing rituals
77
![Page 78: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The Vedic Worldview:
• The Physical World • The Divine World • The Human World
78
![Page 79: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
“Triloka” (3 Places)
• Reality is divided into 3 levels
• Earth • Mid-Space
• Svarga (home of the gods and ancestors)
79
![Page 80: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
“Rita”
• The abstract, impersonal principle of harmony and
order which kept the universe intact and preserved unity
80
![Page 81: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
“Rita”
• Also regulated moral order and the order of ritual
81
![Page 82: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
• Even the gods were subject to Rita
82
![Page 83: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
“Rita”
• Also regulated
• The Moral Order
• Order of Ritual
83
![Page 84: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Rita
Right Right / Wrong Human Rights
Rite Ritual
84
![Page 85: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Rita
• Provides the relationship between the
Cosmic order and the
Moral order
85
![Page 86: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Creation Stories
• Several different accounts • Sometimes at odds with each
other • Does not seem to be a
problem
86
![Page 87: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Sanskrit words for God
20 different words
Most common is
“Deva”
87
![Page 88: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Deva
• Means
• Shiny
• Exalted
88
![Page 89: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Deva
• Divine being • Supernatural power
• But not necessarily an omniscient or omnipotent
being 89
![Page 90: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Devas
• Not moral exemplars or lawgivers
• They were created after the world and are subject to its laws
• Including the Law of Rita 90
![Page 91: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Vedic Gods
• Indra = God of War
• 25% of the hymns of the Rig Veda are devoted Indra
91
![Page 92: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Agni
• The Fire God
• 20% of the hymns of the Rig Veda devoted to Agni
92
![Page 93: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Varuna
• Custodian of Rita
93
![Page 94: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Soma
• Manifested in particular plants used in rituals
• Induces ecstatic experiences
94
![Page 95: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Other Gods and Goddesses
95
![Page 96: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
The Hindu Trinity • Brahma = Creator God married to
Sarasvati
• Vishnu = Preserver and protector of creation married to Laxsmi
• Shiva = Destroyer and is married to Shakti / Parvati
96
![Page 97: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Kali
97
![Page 98: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Kali
• The Dark Mother Goddess
• Consort of Shiva
• Goddess of time and change 98
![Page 99: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Vedic Tradition
• Aryan had strong emphasis on ritual over doctrine and belief
99
![Page 100: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Axial Age
• Jarl Jaspers
• Transformation in world thought
• 800 B.C. – 200 B.C.
100
![Page 101: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Axial Age • Jewish Prophets (800-500 B.C.) • Taoism (Lao-Tzo) 575 B.C. • Confucianism (Confucius) 551 B.C. • Buddhism (Buddha (560-480 B.C.) • Greek Philosophy • Socrates (470-399 B.C.) • Plato (427-348 B.C.) • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
101
![Page 102: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102
The Upanishads
• (End of the Vedas)
• (800-300 BC)
• Most Philosophical Writings
![Page 103: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103
Major Philosophical Tradition:
• “Advaita Vedanta”
• Shankara (750 AD)
• “Advaita” = Non-Dualism
• “Vedanta” = Summation of the Vedas
![Page 104: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
104
Summary: • 1. Everything that exists is Brahman
• 2. Brahman can be interpreted as
• (God): Impersonal Force Supreme Principle
![Page 105: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
105
3. Creation is the Dance of Brahman
“Lila”
![Page 106: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
106
4. Atman is the Soul of the Individual
5. Atman and Brahman are One and the Same
![Page 107: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107
6. Brahman is not to be confused with
• Brahma = a Hindu god
• Brahmin = Hindu Priest or Caste
![Page 108: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108
• 7. Why do we not understand that Brahman = Atman?
• MAYA = Illusion
![Page 109: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
109
8. Our goal in life is Liberation from the cycle of Samsara
• Samsara = Reincarnation
![Page 110: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
110
9. And reach “Moksha”
• Moksha = Nirvana (Buddhism)
![Page 111: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
111
10. This is when the individual soul (Atman) in absorbed into
Brahman
• “Like a drop of rain being absorbed into a lake”
![Page 112: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
112
11.The Law of Karma
• Governs the cycle of samara
Karma • The good and bad deeds that
we do
![Page 113: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
113
• Good deeds
• better rebirth into this world • a god
• a human • an animal • an insect
![Page 114: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
114
• Bad deeds
• worse rebirth into this world
![Page 115: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Dharma
• During the transition from the Vedic tradition to Classical Hinduism
• The concept of dharma evolves
• The caste system becomes more deeply established in Hindu life
115
![Page 116: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
• Distinctions between good and bad karma are determined by dharma
• Dharma has both moral and cosmological dimensions
116
![Page 117: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
• Dharma as a moral principle was rather abstract and required practical application to people’s daily lives
• Accordingly, the genre of literature known as dharma-sastras emerged to specify and codify the dharma
117
![Page 118: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
• The cosmological element implies that • the moral order is rooted in the nature of
reality, not on human whim
118
![Page 119: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
The Laws of Manu
• The most important and influential dharma – sastras
• Written around the time of Christ
• Reflect an earlier oral tradition
119
![Page 120: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
• These laws assign different dharmas to each stratum of Hindu society
120
![Page 121: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
The Hindu Caste System
• Social • Economic • Political • Religious
121
![Page 122: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
• The caste system was founded on the Vedic stratification of society
• Acquired its characteristic features during the classical period of Hinduism
122
![Page 123: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Caste Assumptions
• All people are not created equal
• We are all born with innate differences derived from actions in previous lives
• This is the Law of Karma
123
![Page 124: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
• Caste entails both a
• Division of labor
• Hierarchy of spiritual purity
124
![Page 125: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
“Caste”
• Word is of Portuguese origin
• Imprecisely refers to what Hindus call
• Varna • Jati
125
![Page 126: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Varna
Color
Jati
Birth Birth group
126
![Page 127: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Varna
• The varna system is the division of labor composed of the four categories of Aryan society
127
![Page 128: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Brahmins
• Priests
• Top of the purity hierarchy
128
![Page 129: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Ksatriyas
• The Warriors • Administrators
129
![Page 130: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Vaisyas
• Merchants • Farmers • Artisans
130
![Page 131: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Sudras
• Peasants • Common folks
131
![Page 132: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
“Outcastes”
• Outside the varna system
• “Untouchables”
• “Hari-jans” (Children of God)
132
![Page 133: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Untouchables
• Handlers of leather • Morticians
• Toilet cleaners • Scavengers
• Their ritual impurity cannot be removed by
standard procedures of purification
133
![Page 134: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
• Live outside villages
• Cannot use the same public facilities as caste members
• Technically outlawed by the constitution, the practice remains a part of daily Hindu life
134
![Page 135: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Jati
• Birth Group existing within the larger varna groupings
• One’s subcaste is determined by birth and it cannot be left except under rare circumstances
135
![Page 136: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
• Unlike the varnas which are pan-Hindu
• Jatis are local groups
• Total number has not been determined
• + 3000
![Page 137: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
• There are hundreds if jatis ranked within each varna
• Local ranking is not always the same
![Page 138: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
• Although little or no individual social mobility exists in the caste system
• There is some mobility for sub-castes
![Page 139: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
• There is much scholarly speculation on the relationship between varna and jatis
• Many believe that jatis were indigenous to the Indus Valley Civilization
• Varna were superimposed by the Aryans
![Page 140: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Caste Dynamics
• Marital restrictions
• Food one can eat
• People you associate with
![Page 141: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Enforcement
• Caste strictures are ordinarily enforced by family and intra-caste pressure
• Not by the upper castes enforcing rules on the lower castes
• There are caste councils which discuss caste interests
![Page 142: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Caste Dharma
• Dharma of each caste carries specific duties and responsibilities
![Page 143: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Karma and Dharma
• Karma is determined by one’s adherence to one’s caste duties
![Page 144: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Laws of Manu
• Specify cast duties
![Page 145: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Brahmin Caste
• Teaching • Studying
• Sacrificing • Receiving gifts
![Page 146: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Ksatriyas
• Warriors / Administrators
• Protection of country • From foreign enemies
• Maintaining caste system • Social and cosmic order
![Page 147: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Vaisyas
• Merchants / Farmers / Artisans
• Taking a wife • Keeping cattle
• Knowing the worth of valuable materials • Farm duties
![Page 148: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Sudras
• Peasants / Common folks
• Serving the Brahmins and the other upper castes with humility
![Page 149: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Outcastes
• No dharma according to the Laws of Manu
![Page 150: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Stages of Life
• Laws of Manu
• Outline particular regulations for the livies of men and women and their relationship
![Page 151: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Ideal life stages
• These principles express the “ideal” life patterns for upper caste men and women
• Do not necessarily describe the life cycle of each and every member of Hindu society
151
![Page 152: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
4 Stage for Men
• 1. Student • 2. Householder • 3. Forest-dweller • 4. Sannyasa (Renunciation)
152
![Page 153: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Student Stage
• Leaves home to: • Study the Vedas • Religious Rituals
• A Trade • How to be productive member of Cast
• With a Guru, Teacher, at School
153
![Page 154: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Householder Stage
• Expected to marry • Raise a family • Pursue an occupation appropriate to his caste • Establish himself as a financially independent
responsible contributor to society
154
![Page 155: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
• Marriage was regarded as the natural state for adult men and women
• Shameful to deviate from it
155
![Page 156: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Forest-Dweller Stage
• A men and possibly his wife moved to a more modest dwelling
• Usually at the edge of the village near the forest
• Must become more devoted to the life of the spirit
156
![Page 157: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
• This could occur only after a man had • raised a family • Earned an income • Discharged his obligations to society
157
![Page 158: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Sannyasa (Renunciation) Stage
• Great rigor and austerity
• Not all men would embark upon it
158
![Page 159: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
• Must renounce their former identity and everything with it:
• Name • Wife
• Family • All Material Goods
• Live out remaining days as a wondering, solitary ascetic
159
![Page 160: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
3 Stages for Women
• 1. Girlhood • 2. Householder • 3. Widowhood
• Each stage defined by the protecting male
160
![Page 161: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Girlhood Stage
• Not allowed the same freedom as boys because they could not leave their father’s protection
• What education from their parents
• Domestic skills and religious rituals
161
![Page 162: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Householder Stage
• Marriage marked the female’s entrance into the householder stage
• Marriages in India have historically been alliances between families
• reproduction and economic stability
162
![Page 163: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
• Because marriages were arranged,
• bride and groom often did not meet until the actual wedding
163
![Page 164: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
• Girls married early in life
• Frequently because of the great concern for their virginity
• They often married much older men
164
![Page 165: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
• Bride lives with her husband’s family
• Extended families
165
![Page 166: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
• The new bride was expected to obey her mother-in-law
• She was expected to live up to the ideals of the “good wife”
166
![Page 167: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
• If a women gave birth to a son,
• her status was greatly increased
167
![Page 168: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Death of Husband
• Crisis for every Hindu wife
• Marked entrance into the 3rd stage of life
168
![Page 169: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Sati
• Means “going with”
• The wife was expected to jump on her husband’s funeral pyre
• Many women were thrown on the burning pyre against their wills
169
![Page 170: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
• Practice outlawed by British in 19th Century
• Reports as recently as 1987 and 2002
170
![Page 171: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Widows
• Very difficult situation
• Viewed as dangerous and the embodiment of all negative qualities in women
• Generally not permitted to marry even though many in their 20’s and 30’s
171
![Page 172: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
• They were expected to wear the white sari for the rest of their lives
• because white is the color of morning in India
• Sometimes expected to shave their heads to be unattractive to men
172
![Page 173: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
• Usually given the hardest household tasks
• Forbidden to eat with the rest of the family
173
![Page 174: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Today
• The roles of Hindu men and women are changing, perhaps more today than ever before in India’s history.
• But social change in India evolve slowly, because patterns of behavior are etched deeply into the soul of Hindu India
174
![Page 175: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
175
The Ethics of Hinduism
• 4 Ways or Paths to Good Karma
![Page 176: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
4 “Goods” of Life
• First = Dharma or duty
• Second = Atha = wealth and material acquisition
• Third = Kama = pleasure and enjoyment of the senses
• Fourth = Moksha = Highest good / release from
176
![Page 177: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Moksha
• To achieve moksha, one must be willing to give up the other three goods
• because even though doing one’s duty and pursuing wealth and enjoyment are viewed positively within one’s caste
• they also keep one bound to the samsara
177
![Page 178: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
Religious Life
• For those who are not yet prepared to abandon a life of
• duty, material acquisition, and enjoyments,
• The religious life means doing one’s best to improve this life and future lives
178
![Page 179: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
The Way of Meditation
• “Raja Marga”
• The Path of Mental Concentration
179
![Page 180: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Raja Marga • Intense meditation focusing upon
the truth of Brahman
• Overcoming Maya
• Achieving inner peace and tranquility
180
![Page 181: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
“Asanas”
• Physical Postures used to develop the mind’s ability to concentrate
• Breathing exercises
181
![Page 182: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Mantras • Chants
• Repetitive words, sound, etc
• Expresses the Divine in the form of sounds
• “OM”
182
![Page 183: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
183
The Way of Activity “Karma Marga”
• Emphasis upon “good works”
• Offerings and sacrifices to gods
• Helping the poor
![Page 184: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Karma Marga
• Service is given without any interest in the personal benefits of one’s labor
• This consciousness leads to liberation from self in the midst of work
184
![Page 185: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Karma Marga • The steadily devoted soul attains
unadulterated peace because he offers the results of all activity to Me; whereas a person who is not in harmony with the divine, who is greedy for the fruits of his labor, becomes entangled
• - p. 83 185
![Page 186: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
186
The Way of Knowledge
• “Jnana Marga”
• The Path of Rational Inquiry • Study
![Page 187: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
Jnana Marga • Employs the rational mind instead
of trying to transcend it by concentration practices
• Ignorance is the root of all problems
• Being separate from the Absolute
187
![Page 188: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
Jnana Marga • Seeks to develop spiritual values
• Calmness • Restraint
• Renunciation • Resignation
• Concentration • Faith
188
![Page 189: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
Jana Marga
• Spiritual knowledge is the only thing that can destroy our miseries for ever; any other knowledge removes wants only for a time
• - 83 189
![Page 190: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
190
The Way of Devotion
• “Bhakti Marga”
• Personal devotion to a particular god
• (Avatar)
![Page 191: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
“Bhakti” • Means = “To share” = “To share a relationship with a personal deity”
191
![Page 192: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Post-Classical Period
• New texts added to the canon of Hindu writings
• very important in shaping Hindu piety in the bhakti movement
192
![Page 193: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
2 Great Epics
• Mahabharata
• Ramayana
• 400 B.C. – 200 A.D.
193
![Page 194: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Puranas • Collection of poems about the
major Gods
• 6 – Vishnu • 6 – Brahma • 6 – Shiva
• (500-1500 A.D.) 194
![Page 195: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Bhagavad-Gita
• “The Song of God”
• Part of the Mahabharata
• 400 B.C. – 100 A.D. • Authors unknown
195
![Page 196: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
• Dialogue between Krishna (avatara of Vishnu) and warrior named Arjuna
• Takes place on the battlefield
• Between the Pandavas and the Kauravas (Both Royal Families)
196
![Page 197: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
• Through a crooked dice game
• The Kauravas get the rights to the kingdom for 13 years
197
![Page 198: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
• The Pandavas are exiled to the forest
• The Kauravas refuse to return the kingdom to the Pandavas
198
![Page 199: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
• War is inevitable
• Arjuna does not want to fight is relatives
199
![Page 200: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
• Krishna is disguised as Arjuna’s chariot driver
• Krishna counsels Arjuna on the greater idea of dharma or universal harmony and duty.
200
![Page 201: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
• He explains that the soul (Atman) is eternal and immortal.
• Any 'death' on the battlefield would involve only the shedding of the body
• but the soul is permanent.
201
![Page 202: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
• Arjuna receives several lessons from the Upanishads
• Including the ultimate meaninglessness of birth and death
• and action without attachment or aversion to keep from creating bad karma
202
![Page 203: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
• As the dialogue proceeds, Krishna’s lessons begin gradually to focus upon himself
• Becoming increasingly characteristic of the path of bhakti
203
![Page 204: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
• Krishna encourages Arjuna to focus his mind, will, and heart on god and let all else go
• For bhakti practice, what is done is not as important as how it is done
204
![Page 205: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
• All that matters is to do things with faith and devotion to the god
• And to follow one’s dharma
205
![Page 206: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
• On a climactic moment
• Arjuna asks Krishna to grant him an extremely rare blessing
• the ability to see Krishna in his full glory as god
206
![Page 207: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
• Krishna grants Arjuna a divine eye with which to gaze on the god’s form
207
![Page 208: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
• After his vision
• Arjuna arises and goes into battle
• claiming that his doubts have been dispelled
208
![Page 209: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
• The Gita ends before we come to know about the battle itself
• But the war was not the real issue
209
![Page 210: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
• The war is a metaphor for:
• Our soul • Our self • Our mind • Our Struggle with dharma (duty)
210
![Page 211: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
211
Popular Bhakti Gods • Krishna
• Brahma = Creator • Vishnu = Preserver • Shiva = Destroyer
• Etc
![Page 212: Hinduism in the World and The World of Hinduism 1.pdf · • What we think of as “Hinduism” encompasses many different sometimes conflicting . beliefs and practices . 7 . Concept](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f3493c0b5c7cc6661011619/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
212
• Also other world religious leaders are viewed as Hindu Avatars
• Christ • Allah • Tao • Etc.