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Histology
Human Anatomy and Physiology
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What Is a Tissue? Tissue = cells organized
into layer or groups Cells separated by
nonliving, intercellular materials Solid minerals in bone Liquid plasma in blood
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How Are Tissues Maintained? Stem cells = cells
that have the ability to divide many times and yield new cells that then specialize
Groups of stem cells set aside in tissues to replace worn or damaged parts
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4 Major Types of Tissues
S im p le S q u am ou s S im p le C u b o id a l
S im p le C o lu m n ar P seu d os tra tified C o lu m n ar
S tra tified S q u am ou s S tra tified C u b o id a l
S tra tified C o lu m n ar Tran s it ion a l
E xoc rin e G lan d s E n d oc rin e G lan d s
G lan d u la r
E p ith e lia l
A reo la r (L oose) A d ip ose
R eticu la r D en se
E las tic
H ya lin e E las tic
F ib rocartilag e
C artilag e
B on e B lood
C on n ec tive
S ke le ta l S m ooth
C ard iac
M u sc le N ervou s
Tissu es
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Embryonic Germ Layers
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General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Widespread throughout the body
Basement membrane Lacks blood vessels Divides readily Tightly packed Classified according to
shape and number of layers
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Simple Squamous continued…
Functions: Allows substances to
pass easily Forms walls of capillaries Lines air sacs (alveoli) of
lungs Lines insides of blood
and lymph vessels Covers membranes that
line body cavities
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Simple Cuboidal continued… Functions:
Covers the ovaries Lines the kidney
tubules Lines ducts of the
salivary glands, pancreas, and liver
Secretion and absorption
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Simple Columnar Epithelium May be ciliated or
nonciliated Goblet cells Microvilli Functions:
Absorption Movement of
substances Secretion
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Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Pseudostratified Columnar continued…
Functions: Lines the passages
of the respiratory system
Lines ducts of glands and sperm-carrying ducts
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Stratified Squamous continued… Functions:
Keratinized form makes up the epidermis
Nonkeratinized lines the oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal canal
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Functions:
Lines larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
Forms lining of developing ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium Functions:
Lines vas deferens and some parts of the pharynx
Protection Secretion
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Transitional Epithelium
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Transitional Epithelium continued… Functions:
Forms the inner lining of the urinary bladder
Lines the ureters and part of the urethra
Expandable lining Blocks urine from
diffusing back into the body
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Glandular Epithelium Specialized to produce and secrete
substances into ducts or into body fluids Glands classified as endocrine or exocrine
E n d oc rin esec re tes p rod u c ts in to t is su e
flu id s o r b lood
M eroc rin ere lease flu id p rod u c ts
b y exocytos is
A p oc rin elose sm a ll p o rt ion s o f
g lan d u la r ce lls
H o loc rin ere lease en tire ce lls
th a t la te r d is in teg ra te
E xoc rin esec re tes p rod u c ts in to d u c ts th a t
op en on to an in te rn a l o rexte rn a l su rface
Typ es o f G lan d s
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Endocrine Glands Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid
glands, adrenal glands, pancreas Will be discussed in more detail later
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Exocrine Glands Goblet cells Intestinal glands, sweat glands, mucous
glands in small intestine, sebaceous glands, bulbourethral glands of male, salivary glands
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Classification of Connective Tissue
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Mesenchyme
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General Characteristics of Connective Tissue Most abundant type
of tissue by weight Large amounts of
matrix between cells Matrix contains
fibers and ground substance
Vascularity
Major cell types: Fibroblast Macrophage Mast Cell
Fiber types: Collagenous Elastic Reticular
Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissues
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Areolar Connective Tissue Also known as loose connective tissue Mainly fibroblasts Collagenous and elastic fibers
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Areolar Connective Tissue continued…
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More Areolar Connective Tissue
Functions: Binds the skin to
underlying organs Fills spaces between
muscles Lies beneath most
epithelium layers Blood vessels
nourish epithelial cells
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Adipose Tissue Also known as fat Adipocytes store fat in their cytoplasm Amount in the body reflects diet or endocrine
disorder
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Adipose Tissue continued… Functions:
Lies beneath skin, in spaces between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, in some abdominal membranes, on the surface of the heart, in breasts, and around some joints
Cushions joints and some organs
Insulation Stores energy
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Reticular Connective Tissue Reticular fibers Numerous fibroblasts and white blood cells
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Reticular Tissue continued… Function:
Provides supportive framework in walls of certain internal organs, such as the liver, spleen, and lymphatic organs
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Regular Dense Connective Tissue
Closely packed collagenous fibers, fine network of elastic fibers
Few cells, mostly fibroblasts Regular dense connective tissue – very organized
fibers
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Regular Dense continued… Functions:
Attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles
Attaches bones to bones
Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
Makes up tendons and most ligaments
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Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
Thicker, interwoven, and more randomly organized fibers
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Irregular Dense continued… Functions:
Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
Provides structural strength
Makes up dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules
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Elastic Connective Tissue Elastic fibers in parallel strands or branching networks Collagenous fibers and fibroblasts between elastic fibers Found in ligamenta flava and within walls of some large
arteries, some portions of the heart, and larger airways
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Cartilage Rigid connective tissue Functions:
Provides support, frameworks, and attachments Protects underlying tissues Forms structural models for developing bones
Many collagenous fibers Chondrocytes and lacunae Perichondrium Lacks direct blood supply Types distinguished by types of intercellular material
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Hyaline Cartilage Most common type of cartilage Collagenous fibers form imperceptible network Chondroblasts form matrix and mature into
chondrocytes
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Hyaline Cartilage continued… Functions:
Supports and reinforces Has resilient cushioning
properties Resists compression
stress Found on ends of bones
in joints, soft part of nose, trachea, larynx, and costal cartilages of ribs
Forms most of embryonic skeleton
Important in bone growth and repair of fractures
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Elastic Cartilage More flexible than hyaline cartilage Elastic fibers in matrix
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Elastic Cartilage continued… Functions:
Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing greater flexibility
Provides the framework for the external ears and parts of the larynx
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Fibrocartilage Very tough cartilage Many large collagenous fibers
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Fibrocartilage continued… Functions:
Tensile strength Shock absorber Forms intervertebral
disks, disks in knee joint, and pubic symphysis
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Compact Bone Also called osseous tissue Most rigid connective tissue Mineral salts in matrix Large amounts of collagen Osteocytes
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Bone continued… Functions:
Supports and protects by enclosing
Provides levers for muscles to act on
Stores calcium and other minerals
Marrow inside bones is site of hematopoiesis
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Blood Blood plasma Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Most blood cells formed in red bone marrow Functions: transport gases, fight infection, clotting Will be discussed in more detail later
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General Characteristics of Muscle Tissues Contractile Elongated cells Three types
classified according to striations and nuclei
Will be discussed more later
S ke le ta l S m ooth C ard iac
Typ es o f M u sc le
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Skeletal Muscle Long and narrow cells Striations Multinucleate cells
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Skeletal Muscle continued… Functions:
Voluntary movement Locomotion Manipulation of the
environment Facial expression Voluntary control Attached to bones
and occasionally skin
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Smooth Muscle No striations Spindle-shaped cells Single, centrally located nucleus
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Smooth Muscle continued… Functions:
Propels substances or objects along internal passageways
Involuntary Found mostly in
walls of hollow organs
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Cardiac Muscle Striated cells joined end to end Cells form complex, branching network Intercalated disks Usually uninucleate
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Cardiac Muscle continued… Functions:
Involuntary Propels blood into
the circulation Found only in the
heart
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General Characteristics of Nervous Tissue Neurons Neuroglia Will be discussed more later
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Nervous Tissue continued… Functions:
Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands)
Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves