Historicalmindness Sensitivity to time and place how different
from our own Awareness of the basic continuities patterns over time
Ability to note significant changes Sensitivity to multiple
causation Awareness that all written history is a reconstruction
Stages of Historical Thinking
Stage I history as a set of facts Stage II history as causal
sequence Stage III history as complexity Stage IV history as
interpretation Amer-Indian World Pre 1491 Essential Questions How
did the world of the AmerIndians and of the Europeans both change
after the encounter between groups? What factors contribute to
impetus for exploration and colonization? How do Spanish, French
and English colonies compare/contrast? How does each European
culture interact with Native peoples? What are defining
institutions and events? Why can the Americas be referred to as
multiracial and multicultural? Characteristics Diverse Large
populations 70-100 million
Agricultural Revolution = key to growth Empires- Central and South
America Aztecs Paralleled European development Technologically
advanced Ruled by nobles and priests SW Maize and Bean Fields
Cultural Characteristics Worldview
No division between sacred than secular Land/environment not owned
stewardship Identity = tribe, clan the collective Greater role for
women Leadership often chosen; needed to be able to influence
Warfare honor, territory, captives Context for Exploration and
Colonization
Economic Trade crusades far East Middle class investment Revival of
banking and credit Inflation price revolution Enclosure movement
Search for opportunity Independence for the conquistadores Social
Demographics population pressure Renaissance
Revival of classical learning; efficacy Reformation challenges to
authority Luther salvation open to all Calvin predestination the
Elect Activism English Reformation Henry VIII Political Rise of the
nation state- nationalism
Competition trade, power, military, religion Technological Prince
Henry the Navigator Maps and charts
Compass and astrolabe Caravel Printing press Zheng He Zheng He
-China Encounters 1492 Shifting goals: trade routes - mineral
wealth ---land
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Columbus landing Columbian Exchange
Cortes and the Aztecs De Soto on the Mississippi Spanish Empire New
Spain Daring achievements Greed Brutality Cortes Aztecs
Pizarro Incas Conquistadores sought autonomy and wealth but Crown
controlled Spain rules but does not really colonize 250, ,000 Men
conquistadores, priests, military, bureaucrats Sexual imbalance
intermarriage -mestizos Key Institutions Encomienda land and labor
grants
Repartimento mining and labor grants Presidio military forts
Mission Christianity God, Gold and Glory Spanish Mission De las
Casas protests treatment
Virgin of Guadalupe adaptation Pueblo Revolt Pope Multiracial
beginning Death to native peoples thus labor needs Africa 6 of 7
immigrants to New World Pueblo Revolt Initial English
Ventures
Gilbert, Frobisher, Ralegh Parallels conquistadores desires wealth,
autonomy Ireland practice Right to explore, occupy, govern Early
failures Hakluyt - propagandist Mercantilism Characteristics
Favorable balance of trade (BOT)
Accumulation of specie gold and silver Self sufficiency Goals POWER
for mother country Navigation Acts control shipping and trade
Colonial Comparisons Spain France England
Royal, extractive, male sexual imbalance France Coureurs de
Bois/Comptoir England Royal, proprietary, charter Transplantations
- families New France Coureurs de Bois The Short Portage
Characteristics of English Colonies
Commercial ventures profit Transplantations Emerging cultures
Colonial diverse and imitative Multiracial and multicultural Takaki
- Caliban English Colonization