![Page 1: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara
![Page 2: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
European Colonization When word of Africa’s wealthy kingdoms reached Europe, they began trading with Africans in the 1200s.trade posts & way stations set up along coastal areasby 1600s & 1700s, extensive trade of gold, ivory, textiles, and enslaved workersby 1800s, region seen as source of raw materials for industries
![Page 3: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 divided Africa into more than 40 European colonies (mainly Britain, France, Portugal and Germany)by 1914, all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia under European controlno regard for ethnic homelands when boundaries drawn
![Page 4: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
From Colonies to Countries Europeans introduced new crops, legal systems, basic schooling, roads, and medicine—mostly benefiting AfricansEuro commercial and labor practices caused hardships and great loss of lifeAfricans soon demanded a share in government and launched independence movements by the mid-1900s
![Page 5: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
faced difficult challenges after independencecolonial economies met European needs not Africanno models for democracyadopted the political boundaries set earlier by colonial powersrival ethnic groups struggled for power, civil wars erupted
![Page 6: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Problems in Africa
Ethnic Conflicts—stem from colonial pasts
![Page 7: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nigeria
o 1914—British formed colony of Nigeria from several smaller ethnic territories
o in north, Islamic influencesin south, traditional religions or Christianity
![Page 9: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
o 1960—despite differences, Nigerians united to resist British rule and gained independence
o by 1967, Eastern Region secedes from Nigeria and civil war breaks out—1 million casualties in war
o military officials rule afterwardso 1998—Nigeria returns to civilian rule; free
elections heldo by 2000, tensions increase again between
Muslim & Christian communities
![Page 10: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Somalia Plagued by famine & civil warUnited Nations had sent in relief/food for Somalians in the 1990srelief packages were being taken by militia groups involved in civil warUS sent peacekeeping troops to help the United Nations aid workers
![Page 12: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
o On October 3, 1993 elite units of the U.S. Army's Rangers and Delta Force were ambushed by Somali men, women and children armed with automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenades. The Rangers were pinned down in the most dangerous part of Mogadishu, Somalia and taking casualties.
![Page 14: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What had started out as an operation to capture warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid--turned into a tragic firefight that lasted seventeen hours, left eighteen Americans dead, eighty four wounded and continues to haunt the U.S. military and American foreign policy. movie “Black Hawk Down” chronicles the ambush in Mogadishu
![Page 16: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rwanda o 1994—800,000 people die in 100 days during ethnic cleansing (genocide)o April 6, 1994--Rwandan President Habyarimana and the Burundian President are killed when Habyarimana's plane is shot down near Kigali Airport. Hutu extremists, suspecting that the Rwandan president is finally about to implement the Arusha Peace Accords, are believed to be behind the attack. The killings begin that night.
![Page 18: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
o Hutu ethnic group begins killing Tutsis in April of 1994o tens of thousands of Tutsis and other Rwandans become refugees and try to flee Rwanda—enter Tanzania, Burundi, Zaireo no country in the world does anything to stop the genocide, including the United Nationso mid-July 1994-- Although disease and more killings claim additional lives in the refugee camps, the genocide is over. An estimated 800,000 Rwandans have been killed in 100 days.
![Page 20: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sudan—2004-2005 o 2 million people on the verge of starvation—plagued by droughts & civil waro decade of civil war between Muslim Arab government & Africansdrought has caused the nomadic Arabs to move to more arable lands where Africans are farmers; straining relations between two groups
![Page 22: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
o Over 50,000 Africans have been killed by Arab militia known as Janjaweed who receive financial and military support from the Sudanese governmento hundreds of women being rapedo President Bush and former Secretary of State Colin Powell have called it genocideo tens of thousands are refugees, suffering from starvation and malnutritiono no US troops have been deployed
![Page 25: History and Problems in Africa South of the Sahara](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568134b1550346895d9bccf5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)