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History of Australia
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Aborigines• Migrated from Southeast Asia to Australia
30,000-40,000 years ago during the last Ice Age– Lower sea levels exposed land between
Australia and Asia
• Aborigine – means “from the beginning”
• Hunter-gatherers (nomadic) – Lived in small groups mostly along the
coast where there were more plants and animals
– Learned to adapt to what that region provided.
• Men hunted for food – used the spear and boomerang
• Women gathered nuts and berries
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• Specific groups developed along the coastlines and in the interior regions of Australia. – No specific leader in groups; all people
were equal• 500-600 groups• 200 languages or dialects
– Shared a common culture . . . Even though they had distinct cultural traits.
• Groups traded extensively with each other.– Diversified the goods available– Helped keep the cultures similar– Kept different groups connected to each
other
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• Religion:– Based on Dreamtime, which to
Aborigines is when life began on Earth.
– Spirits shaped the land and made plants/animals and people.
– Eventually the spirits disappeared but still exist and may appear in many forms.
– Aborigines believe earth is a link to the spiritual world and that the land is sacred
• They believe they have been entrusted as caretakers of the land.
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• Sacred Sites– Ayers Rock (Uluru)– Thousands of sites have been identified where
rocks have been painted or engraved with human and animal shapes.
• Some have existed for thousands of years. • Aborigines believe that these paintings were
created in Dreamtime.
• Culture– No written language– Relied on song and word of mouth (stories) to
pass information from one generation to the next• Story of the Emu and the Jabiru
– Because of Australia’s remote location, the Aborigines were untouched by outside influence until the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century.
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The Europeans Arrive• Europeans first saw Australia from ships in the
1600s but never claimed - Dutch
• 1770– British Captain James Cook explored the region
and claimed it for Great Britain
• Offered Australia as a strategic location for the Royal Navy in the Far East and easy access to Eastern trade for merchants.
• 1700s – British prisons were very overcrowded so
government decided to send many prisoners to Australia to settle the land
• Penal Colony . . . Most important use of the colony
• Used as a system for easing overcrowding of English jails.
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– Prior to this, American colonies (Virginia, Maryland and Georgia) were used as criminal colonies.
• American Revolution changed their plan.
• First prisoners arrived in 1788, and built first settlement at Port Jackson (Sydney) . . . – Eventually established the
colony of New South Wales
– 20% of the first convicts were women
– British believed the best form of punishment was manual labor.
• Specialized jobs as carpenters, farmers, nurses and masons.
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• By 1839, 160,000 convicts had been sent to Australia
– Most of the people living in Australia were either prisoners or people guarding them.
– Penal colonies were established all over Australia.
– In 1852, the British stopped sending prisoners to Australia.
• Prisoners eventually earned their freedoms and became respected citizens.
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• 1851– Gold discovered in southern Australia, leading to a
rush of settlers
– Free Settlers• Also arrived in Australia to take advantage of
cheap labor (convicts) and land . . . and the gold rush.
• As the population grew, new colonies were formed and settlements were established . . . Free settlers were the first to explore Australia.
– Hobart, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide
• Free Settlers learned to befriend the Aborigines in order to survive in the harsh climate.
• 1852– 93,000 people arrived this year alone– Many people were building trading posts,
businesses and farms
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Impact of Colonization on Aborigines
• Initially, the Europeans were friendly with the Aborigines.– Many Aborigines thought the whites were the spirits of the dead.
• As more Europeans arrived, contact grew between the Europeans and the Aborigines– Many Aborigines died, mostly from exposure to diseases.
• Smallpox, Influenza, Tuberculosis – killed over 50% of Aborigines
– Conflict started to increase when the Aborigines were forced off their land.
• Settlers also needed land in the interior for cattle and sheep ranches.
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• Aborigines pushed off the coast and into the interior region of the continent
– Europeans wanted this portion of land. Without clear leadership, the Aborigines were unable to form a defense against the Europeans.
• Aborigines attempt to fight back against the European settlers, but British had guns and outnumbered the Aborigines.
– Aborigines had little impact against the British guns.
– Smaller population of Aborigines weakened by disease made European conquest easier.
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• Only the Aborigines that lived deep in the desert were left alone by the Europeans.
• Eventually, they lost their lands and were relocated to reservations in the Outback region
• Many were discriminated against and had few rights. – Most had to assimilate (become similar to things around you) and accept
modern ways.• Moved to big cities to live, work (low-paying jobs) and go to school
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Australian Independence
• January 1, 1901: Australia became an independent nation– Melbourne was the capital until Canberra was completed in 1927
• New government policies tried to end Aboriginal culture– Laws were put into place that tried to limit where Aborigines could live and work.– Took Aboriginal children away from their families.
• Aborigines begin to regain rights in the 1960s– Granted Australian citizenship in 1967– 1980s and 90s – Many Australians began to recognize their harsh treatment of the Aborigines.
– 2008 – formal apology was issued by the Prime Minister to the Aborigines for their mistreatment.