Slide 1
History of Music
Slide 2
Medieval
� Gregorian Chant
� Only “perfect harmonies”; no instruments
� Music is mainly religious in tone
Slide 3
Renaissance (1400-1600)
� Instruments and harmonies added
� Music starts to become less religious in tone
� Example, Greensleeves
Slide 4
Baroque (1600-1750)
� Lively music, not centered on religion
� Harmonies grew to be more involved
� Still centered upon the melodic lines
� Style: Separate
� Introduces: the concerto grosso and the
sonata
Slide 5 Notable Composers –Baroque (1600-1750)
J. Pachelbel
b. August 30, 1653.
d. March 3, 1706
� German organist & composer
of Protestant church music
� Studied Austrian and Italian
music in Vienna
� Gave us one of the most
recognized tunes: Canon in D
Slide 6 Notable Composers –Baroque (1600-1750)
A. Vivaldi 1678 - 1741
� Ordained a priest but devoted
his life to music
� Helped create a new lively
“baroque” sound
� Loved to tell a story with music:
The Four Seasons –
� Spring
� Winter
Slide 7 Notable Composers –Baroque (1600-1750)
J.S. Bach 1685-1750
� Considered the greatest of the
German baroque composers,
introducing counterpoint and fugue
� Consistently had trouble with his
employers
� Married twice and was devoted to
his 20 children
� Loved to write music for fun as well
as for the church
� Wrote hundreds of pieces:
Brandenburg Concerti
Slide 8
Classical (1750-1830)
� Chord centered
� Orderly, emphasized formal, unified beauty
� Style: Crisp and Clear (well defined)
� Introduces: the mass symphonies
Slide 9 Notable Composers –Classical (1750-1830)
W.A. Mozart 1756-1791 (born in
Salzburg, lived in Vienna)
� Famed as a child performer and
composer by the age of 6
� Never attended school
� Struggled and fought with employers, was poor
� Poor health, died before age 36
� Absolutely prolific, left over 600
pieces of music
� Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Slide 10 Notable Composers –Classical (1750-1830)
L. Beethoven 1770-1827 � Powerful German composer who moved to
Vienna
� Many tragedies in his life and in pursuing his career.
� Loss of hearing in his twenties affected personality
� Nonetheless, his work won new freedom and independence for composers.
� Ode to Joy, 5th Symphony, 9th Symphony
� Für Elise
Slide 11
Romantic (1830-1900)
� Emotional, pictorial
� Cultural overtones are found in the compositions
� Smooth, flowing, sweet, with less distinction
� Introduces: Program music
Slide 12 Notable Composers –Romantic (1830-1900)
Richard Wagner 1813-1883
� German composer who wrote
passionate operas
� Based work on great moments
in history and myth
� The ring of Nibelung and Tristan
� Ride of the Valkyries
Slide 13 Notable Composers –Romantic (1830-1900)
Brahms 1833-1897 (Moved from Hamburg to Vienna)
� Poor, learned from
parents
� Gifted German
musician and pianist
who brought us the Lullaby
Slide 14 Notable Composers –Romantic (1830-1900)
Johann Strauss, Jr1825-1899
� Waltz King of Vienna
� Incredible family of
musicians
� On the Beautiful,
Blue Danube
Slide 15 Notable Composers –Romantic (1830-1900)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
May 7, 1840 -November 6, 1893
He wrote music which was distinctly Russian: plangent, introspective, with modally-inflected melody and harmony.
� Nutcracker
� Swan Lake
Slide 16
Impressionism
� Very complex in nature
� Melody is distributed through the orchestra with more and more complexity added each time
� Style: freedom, no set guidelines
� Notable Composers:
� Mahler (Symphony in D major)
� Faure
� Mussorsky (Pictures on Exhibition)
Slide 17
Gustav Mahler
� Born: May 7, 1860 – Kaliste, Bohemia
� Died: May 18, 1911 – Vienna
� he was noted as a great perfectionist
� “hyper emotional” symphonies & sound
� His innovations include melodies with far reaching implications for harmony, expressive use of combinations of instruments, in both the large and small scale, larger percussion sections, as well as combining voice and chorus in the symphony form, and more extreme voice leading in his counterpoint.
� “Von Der Schonheit”
� All info copied from: http://www.pianoparadise.com/mahler.html
Slide 18
Contemporary (1900 -
� Eclectic; neo-classicism
� 12 tone composing
Slide 19 Notable Composers –Contemporary (1900 - )
Stravinsky 1898-1937
� Russian born and trained
� Studied law but gave it up to write
compositions
� Began innovations in music: The Rite of Spring, The Firebird
� Moved first to France, then to U.S.
Slide 20
Jazz 1900’s-
� A smorgasbord of African rhythms and Western
Harmonies
� Early 1920’s- jazz signified most kinds of
American popular music.
� Since then- jazz tends to indicate a tradition in
Afro-American music that began as folk music
in the South and developed gradually into sophisticated modern art.
� Express strong emotions, and characteristics
using triplets and syncopation.
Slide 21
Benny Goodman
� Birth: May 30, 1909 in Chicago
Death: June 13, 1986 in New York City,
� "King of Swing" and "The Professor"Occupation: Band leader,
clarinetist
� Had several top 10 songs in the
30’s & 40’s
� Sing, Sing, Sing
� He is also a large part of the
Swing movement
Slide 22
Louis Armstrong
� Born: August 4, 1901
� Died: July 6, 1971
� Nicknames: Satchmo and
pops
� played the trumpet
� one of the first African
Americans to break the
color barrier
� What a Wonderful World
� Ain’t Misbehavin
Slide 23 Duke Ellington1899-1974
� Duke Ellington� “Take the A Train”
� Listen to the trumpets make the train whistle
� Long career into the 1970’s
� Wrote over 1000 pieces
� Considered by many to be the most multi-talented composer and arranger
� Music covered blues, gospel, film scores
� Earned 12 Grammy Awards
� Earned a Pulitzer Prize Award After his Death� "He is widely considered one of the most influential
figures in jazz, if not in all American music and is the twentieth century's best known band leaders and composers.” (Duke Ellington Official Website)
Slide 24
Miles Davis 1926 –1991
� Fused Jazz & Rock
� Part of the “Cool” jazz movement
� Fusion jazz includes the use of electric instruments
� Experimented with texture & tone of music
� Inducted into Rock n’ Roll Hall of Fame in 2006
� Moon Dreams
Slide 25
Harry Connick Jr.
� Fused Jazz & Classical
� Piano & vocals
� 2 Grammy’s and multi- platinum records
� Also a successful actor
� Once
Slide 26
Folk Music
Slide 27 Woody Guthrie- Folk Music
� Bio- 1912-1967� Tragic Childhood- Sister dies in fire, mother has breakdown
� Oklahoma
� Musical family
� Father lost real estate business
� Left wife and child to wander
� Listened to radio- heard the suffering
� Anti-war � (Son Arlo Guthrie- wrote preeminent anti-war song Alice’s
Restaurant)
� Pro-labor- sang at rallies and is associated w/ communists
� Rode the rails
� Used blues rhythms
� Dies of Huntington’s Disease
Slide 28
Woody Guthrie- Folk Music� Impact
� Music can be used as commentary on life
� Music as political protest
� Bob Dylan
� Arlo Guthrie protesting the Vietnam War with Alice’s Restaurant
� Encouraged his social protest themes- Common people
� Influenced the anti-war protests of the 60’s & 70’s
� Influenced other balladeers such as Springsteen
� Music can give people a voice
� Capture the emotions and history of the time
Slide 29 Woody Guthrie- Folk Music
� Famous Works- Documents the Depression
� “Do Re Mi”- Dustbowl commentary
� “I ain’t got no home”
� “House of the rising sun”
� “This land is your land”
� Workingman’s response to Irving Berlin’s “God Bless America”
� “Tom Joad” - Ballad
� “Pretty Boy Floyd”-Ballad to outlaw
Slide 30
Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly)� Bio- 1888-1945
� Shreveport, La.
� Famous cotton picker
� Went to prison twice for murder and attempted murder-assoc. with other men’s wives
� Released by gov. of N.Y. for a song
� Dr. John Lomax (under a grant from the WPA) visited and recorded him in prison
� Dies from Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Slide 31
Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly)
� Impact
� 12 String guitar
� lasting impact on early rock artist such as Elvis and the Beatles, Stones and the Yardbirds
Slide 32
Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly)
� Famous Works
� “Rock Island Line”
� “Midnight Special”
� Later re-recorded by CCR
� “Alberta”
� Re-recorded by Eric Clapton as well as “Goodnight Irene”
Slide 33
Bob Dylan b. 1941
� Wrote protest songs about nuclear war, civil rights, racism, and power of the military
� Rough guitar playing & harmonica gave a “bite” to the music
� Constantly changing his musical form
� Blowin’ in the Wind
Slide 34
Swing
Slide 35 Characteristics of Swing
� 1930’s – Big Band creates big sound
� Common phrasing
� Smooth notes often connected or slurred
� 3 beats for every two to the measure- Jazz
� Less improvisation
� AABA- 32 measure patterns
� Repetition
� Instruments included- Trumpet, clarinet, sax, and rhythm from the bass, drums and piano
� Saved the record industry because of the upbeat positive songs
� Danceable, singable, memorable
Slide 36
Count Basie 1904-1984
� Stride Pianist and band leader
� Kansas City influence by the Blues
� Came to NY in 1937 and brought a new type of swing
� Great eye for talent
� Lots of improvisation solos
� Less is more- minimalist- play a couple of notes & then move about the audience
� “Jumpin’ at the Woodside”
Slide 37 Glen Miller 1904-1944
� Glenn Miller
� Big during WWII
� Played for the troops
� Arranged for the Dorsey Brothers
� Featured on the Radio with the Andrew Sisters
� “In the Mood”
� Plane disappeared over the English channel on a USO trip in1944
Slide 38
Tommy Dorsey
� The Sentimental Gentleman of Swing
� Known perfectionist
� Trumpet & trombone
� National Radio Show
� Mostly white band
� Had 17 Number 1 Hits-"On Treasure
Island"
� “Opus 1” ( not a # 1 Hit)
Slide 39
Composers of America
Slide 40
Aaron Copland
Nov. 14,1900-Dec. 12, 1990 � American who integrated many styles and
forms
� Brought jazz and folk music to screen- Rodeo
� Appalachian Spring won a Pulitzer Prize and New York Music Critiques Award
� Impact� 1st great American classical composer in a true
American fashion
� Great teacher- Leonard Bernstein (Westside Story) was his most famous student
Slide 41
Aaron Copland
� Famous Works
� “Fanfare for the Common Man”- WPA
� “Appalachian Springs”- Ballet
� “Rodeo- Hoe down”- Ballet
Slide 42
George Gershwin
Sept. 26,1898-July 11, 1937
� American who began writing
popular songs at 15
� Brought “classical” jazz to the
orchestra: Rhapsody in Blue
( internationally famous).
� Won Pulitzer Prize
Slide 43
Blues - Brief Overview
� vocal and instrumental
� self-expression in African-American
communities
� Emerged from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed
simple narrative ballads.
� Has call-and-response patterns.
� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues
Slide 44 Billie HolidayBorn: April 7, 1915
Died: July 17, 1959
� legendary vocalist
� highly original, personalized style
� innovative sense of phrasing, rhythm and harmony
� has had a tremendous impact on generations of vocalists from all genres.
� “Strange Fruit," which controversially addressed the violence of racism
� All info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html
Slide 45 Jimi HendrixBorn: November 27, 1942
Died: September 18, 1970
� Although he is often perceived as a rock and roll icon, his roots lie in the blues – Influenced by Muddy Waters
� Used electric devices and the wah-wah pedal and fuzz box in playing- created a “dive Bomb effect”
� By late 1966 he was a sensation in Europe, and in the U.S. shortly thereafter, mesmerizing audiences with searing electric guitar work coupled with the flash of an R&B road band —playing the guitar with his teeth, behind his neck, and between his legs.
� Influenced many later guitarist
� “Purple Haze”, “Star Spangled Banner”� Most info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html
Slide 46 Eric ClaptonBorn: March 30, 1945, Ripley, England
� a reputation for decades as one of Great Britain's finest guitarists.
� His playing contributed to the high profile of the electric guitar in Rock music
� Merged Blues & Rock
� 3 time inductee to Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
� He is a master of painfully expressive guitar work, matched by his emotional vocal delivery. Although much of his work is outstanding, he is probably best known for the album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, which is commonly considered to be a masterpiece.
� Wonderful Tonight� Most info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html
Slide 47 Ray CharlesBorn: September 23, 1930
Died: June 10, 2004
� innovative blend of genres of gospel, blues, jazz, pop, R&B, soul and country.
� His ability to bring together many influences, infusing them all with a gospel core, has had a huge impact on both soul and rock and roll music.
� “I Got a Woman”� All info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html
Slide 48
Country - Brief Overview
� roots in traditional folk music, Celtic music, gospel music, and old-time music
� evolved rapidly in the 1920s.
� Term “country” began to be applied in the 1940s when the earlier term hillbilly music
was deemed to be degrading, term was widely embraced in the 1970s.
� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music
Slide 49
Country - Brief Overview
During the 1930s and 1940s Cowboy songs, or
"Western music", which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films
made in Hollywood.
Popular singing cowboys
� Gene Autry “Back in the Saddle Again”
� Sons of the Pioneers
� Roy Rogers
Slide 50
Country - Popularization
Nashville Sound - This sound was notable for
borrowing from 1950s pop styling's: a prominent and "smooth" vocal, backed by a string section
and vocal chorus.
� Patsy Cline (1932-1963)
Rockabilly - most popular with country music fans in the 1950s, and was recorded and performed by country musicians.
Slide 51
Patsy Cline 1932-1963
� Known for her emotional and rich contralto voice
� First Solo Female Vocal artist Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame ten years after her death
� Numerous books and movies about her life
� #1 on Country Music Women of all Time & # 11 on VH1 100 Greatest Women in Rock and Roll
� Crazy (link not in yet)
Slide 52 Johnny Cash
Born- February 26, 1932 -Died Sept. 12, 2003
� Known as the Man in Black- Only Performer besides Presley to be inducted
into both the Country & Rock n’ Roll Halls of Fame
� Mr. Cash exerted an incalculable influence on music. As Rich Kienzle
observed in Country Music magazine, he "strengthened the bonds between folk and country music so that both sides saw their similarities as well as
their differences. He helped to liberalize Nashville so that it could accept the
unconventional and the controversial and he did as much as anyone to
make the `outlaw' phenomenon possible." http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/12/obituaries/12CND-CASH.html?
� Ring Of Fire
� “I Walk the Line”
Slide 53
Country - Progression
Outlaw Country – (Late 50’s – Early 70’s) Derived from the traditional and honky tonk sounds and mixed with the anger of an alienated subculture of the nation during the period, outlaw country revolutionized the genre of Country music.
� Willie Nelson� Waylon Jennings
Country Rock/Pop – (Late 60’s) - American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
� The Byrds –� The Eagles –
� Dolly Parton -� Garth Brooks –� Shania Twain -
Slide 54 Waylon Jennings
1937-2002
� Singer, Songwriter & muscian
� Jennings escaped death in the February 3, 1959, plane crash that took the lives of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper"
� Sings Outlaw music
� Recorded the theme song for The Dukes of Hazard
� Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001
� Lived & Died in AZ and is Buried in the Mesa Cemetery.
� 2 Grammy Awards
� Waylon Jennings- Rebel Solider
Slide 55 Willie Nelson 1933- to present
� Known as the Redheaded stranger
� Guitar’s name is “Trigger”
� Sings Outlaw Country
� singer-songwriter, author, poet, actor, and activist
� Honorary Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Texas Music Project, the official music charity of the state of Texas.
� Has 9 Grammy Awards as well as numerous other awards� Willie Nelson- Living in the Promised land
Slide 56 Dolly Parton1946 to the Present
� Queen of Country Music
� 25 # 1 Singles
� a record forty-one top-10 country albums
� a top-five country hit in each of the last five decades
� is tied with Reba McEntire as the only country artists with No. 1 singles in four consecutive decades.
� Has her own Park – Dollywood
� Numerous awards
� 9 to 5 ( no link yet)
Slide 57
The Eagles formed in 1971
� Members: (Don’t need to copy)
� Don Felder (guitar; born 9/21/47),
Glenn Frey (born 11/6/48; guitar, vocals)
Don Henley (drums, vocals; born 7/22/47)
Bernie Leadon (guitar, mandolin, banjo; born 7/19/47)
Randy Meisner (bass, vocals; born 3/8/46)
Timothy B. Schmit (bass, vocals; born 10/30/47)
Joe Walsh (guitar, vocals; born 11/20/47)
� The Eagles chronicled America in the high-flying Seventies, a time of rapidly changing social mores leading up to what they called “life in the fast lane.”Between the lines, their favorite subject matter was the pursuit and unraveling of the American dream. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-eagles
� Inducted into Rock n’ Roll Hall of Fame 1998
� Hotel California
Slide 58
Garth Brooks b. 1962
� Fuses country, honky-tonk, folk, and rock all into his music
� Friends in Low Places
� or The Thunder Rolls
� Went multi- platinum in 1991 and was the first country artist to do so.
� Recently announced he is coming out of retirement
� http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/brooks_garth/bio.jhtml
Slide 59 Shania Twain b. 1965
� Helped break the line between country & Pop/Rock
� Strong Female Country
� Best Selling Country Female artist of all Time
� Has a Grammy’s & several other awards
� Shania Twain -
� That Don’t Impress Me Much
Slide 60
Crooner
� Male vocalist
� Normally sing ballads or pop songs of a certain variety
� Came from Opera & Jazz
Slide 61 Bing Crosby 1903- 1977
� Singer, actor, songwriter
� Achieved popularity over radio, recordings & movies
� Arch type of the crooner
� Mellow & relaxed singing voice
� Influenced fellow singers & later generations
including Sinatra
� Most successful entertainer of his day
� Sold 400 million copies of his records
� Best known for his version of “White Christmas”
� Ac-Cent-Tcu-Ate the Positive
Slide 62 Frank Sinatra 1915- 1998
� One of the most sought after performers
of the 20th century
� Influenced by Bing Crosby & Tommy Dorsy
� Part of the famous RAT Pack
� Girls screamed & cried when they heard him sing
� more than 1,400 recordings
� Nickname is “Old Blue Eyes”
� Became an icon
� In the words of critic Gene Lees, “[Sinatra] learned
how to make a sophisticated craft sound as natural as an intimate conversation or personal
confession.”
� My Funny Valentine
Slide 63
Josh Groban b.1981
� Also categorized in Pop/Opera music
� 4 albums all multi platinum
� Broke into music by way of television &
auditions- gained world wide recognition when
he preformed at the Salt Lake Winter Olympics
in 2002
� Has preformed with a number of other artists
� Is involved in Charity work
� When you say you love me or You Raise Me
Up
Slide 64
Michael Buble b. 1975
� Has 2 Grammy’s
� 25 million albums world wide
� Influenced by Bing Crosby
� Songs are used for soundtracks
� Performed at the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, Canada
� Save the Last Dance for Me
Slide 65
Rock and Roll
� 1950s – thru today
� According to the All Music Guide, "In its purest form, Rock & Roll has three chords, a strong,
insistent back beat, and a catchy melody. Early
rock & roll drew from a variety of sources,
primarily blues, R&B, and country, but also
gospel, traditional pop, jazz, and folk. All of these influences combined in a simple, blues-
based song structure that was fast, danceable,
and catchy."
Slide 66 Muddy Waters 1915-1983
� Mixed rural sound of blues with city street sounds
� Used amplification on his guitar
� Also influential in the Blues
� The Rolling Stones named themselves after an album of Water’s
� Long Distance Call
Slide 67 Bill Haley & The Cometsb. 1925- 1981 formed 1952
� First to forma Rock ‘N Roll group
� First to write own lyrics, first to sell
a million records
� First to travel with an all African-American group
� First to introduce Rock & Roll to mainstream America
� Rock around the Clock
Slide 68 Chuck BerryOct. 18, 1926
� Dubbed the "Eternal Teenager," Chuck Berry's knowledge of the pop market made it possible for him to break color barriers and play to an integrated audience.
� Berry is a musical icon who established rock and roll as a musical form and brought the worlds of black and white together in song.
� 1986 fittingly saw him inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as the very first inductee in history. As a tribute to his pervasiveness in the realm of rock, a clip of "Johnny B. Goode" was chosen played in the Voyager I spacecraft, proving Chuck Berry and his rock legacy are truly out of this world.
� "If you tried to give rock and roll another name, you might call it 'Chuck Berry'." -- John Lennon
� All info copied from: http://www.chuckberry.com/ ( official website)
Slide 69
Elvis Presley 1950’s
� Born January 8,1935- Aug.
16, 1977
� Influential for mixing blues
and gospel and for hip shaking dance moves
� Sold 250 million records
� Had a series of top charts
hits
� Helped create the role of
rebellion in teenagers
� Hound Dog
Slide 70 The Beatles 1960’s (1962-1970)
� Members: Jon Lennon- guitar , vocals
� Paul McCartney- bass, vocals� Ringo Starr- drums, vocals� George Harrison- guitar, vocals
� One of the first rock groups write most of its own material
� Centralized Pop music
� Went from love songs to extravaganzas in their music styles- Sgt. Pepper ‘s Lonely Hearts Club Band revolutionized music with songs that were connected either thematically or literally.
� Broke up in 1970
� A Hard Day’s Night
� Eleanor Rigby
� Yellow Submarine
Slide 71 The Rolling Stones
formed 1962Dartford, England, U.K.
Members:� Mick Jagger - Vocals, harp, guitar (1961-Present) Keith Richards - Rhythm Guitar, vocals
(1961-Present) Charlie Watts - Drums and percussion (1961-Present) Brian Jones - Lead guitar, Harmonica, (1961-1969) Dick Taylor - Bass (1961-1962) Ian "Stu" Stewart -Keyboards (1961-1962)
Current Rolling Stones Lineup� Mick Jagger - Vocals, harp, guitar (1961-Present) Keith Richards - Rhythm Guitar, vocals
(1961-Present) Charlie Watts - Drums and percussion (1961-Present) Ron Wood - Lead Guitar (1975-Present)
� Wanted America to see them as the opposite of the Beatles and as rebellious
“Nobody ever did the blues like the Stones, and perhaps nobody ever will. Their blues was a metaphysical, political and mystical. In fact, they married Berry's wicked ethos to the violent impulses of urban vandalism. The result was an explosive mix that the world of music, popular or classic, black or white, had never heard”. http://www.scaruffi.com/vol1/stones.html
I can’t get no satisfaction
You can’t always get what you want
Slide 72 The Beach Boys
� Surfin’ USA� Good Vibrations (Wall of Sound)
� “American rock group whose dulcet melodies and distinctive vocal mesh defined the 1960s youthful idyll of sun-drenched southern California.”
� “The original members were Brian Wilson (b. June 20, 1942, Inglewood, Calif., U.S.), Dennis Wilson (b. Dec. 4, 1944, Inglewood—d. Dec. 28, 1983, Marina del Rey, Calif.), Carl Wilson (b. Dec. 21, 1946, Los Angeles, Calif.—d. Feb. 6, 1998, Los Angeles), Michael Love (b. March 15, 1941, Los Angeles), and Alan Jardine (b. Sept. 3, 1942, Lima, Ohio). Significant later members included David Marks (b. 1948, Newcastle, Pa.) and Bruce Johnston (original name William Baldwin; b. June 24, 1944, Chicago, Ill.). “
� “Initially perceived as a potent pop act—celebrants of the surfing and hot rod culture of the Los Angeles Basin during the 1960s—the Beach Boys and lead singer-bassist-producer Brian Wilson later gained greater respect as muses of post-World War II American suburban angst”
� All of the above information except the songs was taken from Encyclopedia Britanica :http://www.biography.com/articles/The-Beach-Boys-9203085?part=0
Slide 73 Wall of Sound- Definition is obtained from Wikipedia(it had
the most condensed version) and verified from other sources.
� “a music production technique for pop and rock music recordings developed by record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles, California during the early 1960s. Spector, working with audio engineers such
as Larry Levine and the session musicians who later became known as The
Wrecking Crew, created a dense, layered, and reverberant sound that reproduced well on AM radio and jukeboxes popular in the era. He created
this sound by having a number of electric and acoustic guitarists perform the same parts in unison, adding musical arrangements for large groups of
musicians up to the size of orchestras, and then recording the sound using an
echo chamber.”� “To attain this signature sound, Spector gathered large groups of musicians
(playing some instruments not generally used for ensemble playing, such as electric and acoustic guitars) playing orchestrated parts—often doubling and
tripling many instruments playing in unison—for a fuller sound. Spector also
arranged the songs for large groups of musicians playing instruments traditionally associated with orchestras (such as strings, woodwinds, and
brass). Spector himself called his technique "a Wagnerian approach to rock & roll: little symphonies for the kids".[1]”
Slide 74
Janis Joplin 1943-1970
� lead singer of Big Brother and the Holding Company
� Also a solo artist
� # 46 on the Rolling Stone Greatest Artist of all Time out of 100
� Rebellion & Beat movement
� Funky, blues, throaty, screaming, are all ways to describe her music
� Cry Baby
� Me & Bobby McGee
Slide 75
Disco for 2 slides
Slide 76
Bee Gees 1970s
� The Bee Gees were a singing trio of brothers — Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb — that became one of the most
successful musical acts of the 20th Century (wikipedia-
yeah, I know I used wiki.)
� Established Disco as a national phenomenon along with
Donna Summer
� Their sound track to Saturday Night Fever sold 30 million copies
� Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997
� Maurice died in 2003 causing devastation for his 2 brothers
� Recently started performing again in 2009- had stopped
in 2003 after their brothers death.
� Stayin’ Alive
Slide 77
ABBA-1970s
Swedish pop group-1970-1983
The name "ABBA" is an acronym formed from the
first letters of each of the group member's given
name (Anni-Frid, Benny, Bjorn, Agnetha).
Best known for the stage production of their music
“Mama Mia”
� Dancing Queen
Slide 78
Rock n’ Roll Again
Slide 79
Elton John b. 1947
� Sold 250 million records world wide
� Known for his stage presence and costumes
� Piano playing, songwriting
� Numerous awards, Grammy’s
� Third greatest artist of all time behind Beatles &
Madonna
� Close friendship with Princess Diana
� Charity Work
� Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1994
� Rocket Man
� Goodbye Yellow Brick Road
Slide 80
Billy Joel b. 1949
� 100 million records world wide
� sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling
solo artist in the United States, according to the RIAA.
� Has won several Grammy’s
� Songwriters Hall of Fame 1992
� Rock & Roll Hall of Fame 1999
� One of the Richest Musicians
� Also has a Broadway Play based off of his Music & Twyla
Tharp’s Choreography- “Movin’ Out”.
� Piano Man
� Longest Time
Slide 81
R & B
� Rhythm and Blues (R& B)
� Performed largely by African Americans
� Jerry Wexler gave the music its name in 1949 to describe up beat music
� music's typical dependence upon four-beat measures or bars and employ a backbeat (beats two and four accented in each measure).
Slide 82 The Temptations formed in 1960
� Doo-wop, funk, R& B
� Vocals & Dance
� Harmonies
� As Influential as the Beatles
� Motown
� Grammy Award
� # 67 on Most Influential Artists of All time for Rolling Stone
� Influence modern day R& B
� Ain’t to proud to beg
Slide 83 The Supremes formed in 1959
� Diana Ross
� Florence Ballard
� Mary Wilson
� Betty McGlown
� Doo-wop, funk, R&B, soul, Broadway show tunes
� Led the way for African American Females
� Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame in 1988
� Paved the way for other female vocal groups in the future
like Destiny’s Child and TLC
� Motion Picture “Dream Girls” based on their lives recently
came out & won Academy Awards
� Baby Love
Do-wapo
Slide 84
Aretha Franklin b. 1942
� Queen of Soul
� # 1 on Rolling Stone’s greatest singers of All Time
� Influential in soul, jazz, blues, R& B
� Most honored artists with Grammy’s (18)
� First Female inducted into Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame
� Has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom
� Respect
Slide 85
Funk
� an earthy, seemingly unsophisticated style of jazz music having elements of black American blues and gospel.
Slide 86
George Clinton b.1941
� Singer, song writer, band leader
� Part of the bands Parliament and
Funkadelic
� Inducted into Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame in 1997
� Innovate in Funk Music
� Most sampled artist
� Atomic Dog
Slide 87
Heavy Metal - Brief Overview
� Mostly referred to as “metal”
� developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in England and the United States.
� Roots in blues-rock
� Has a thick, massive sound
� characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness.
� Heavy metal or metal has several types of sub-genres
� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music
Slide 88 Heavy Metal - Early YearsLed Zeppelin- Formed in 1968
� Members:
� John “Bonzo” Bonham (drums; born May 31, 1948, died Sept. 25, 1980),
� John Paul Jones (bass, keyboards; born January 3, 1946),
� Jimmy Page (guitar; born January 9, 1944),
� Robert Plant (vocals; born August 20, 1948)
� The group’s use of familiar blues-rock forms spiced
with exotic flavors Their self-titled first album found
them elongating blues forms with extended solos and
psychedelic effects launching pithy hard-rock rave-ups http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin
� Inducted into the Rock n’ Roll Hall of Fame in 1995
� Stairway to Heaven
� A Whole Lotta Love
Slide 89 Heavy Metal – Mainstream
Def Leppard formed in 1977Members:
Joe Elliott (vocals)
Rick Savage (bass guitar),
Pete Willis (guitar)
Steve Clark (guitar)
Rick Allen (drums).
Phil Collen (guitar) replaced Pete Willis in 1983
Viv Campbell (guitar) joined the band after Steve Clark's untimely death in 1991
“Pour Some Sugar on Me”, “Love Bites”
“From the first, this was a band that gloried in the power of heavy metal's musical gestures – the towering majesty of a power riff, the momentary
freedom of a guitar break, the exhilaration of a singer's scream – and as the
group has grown, its ability to manipulate that vocabulary has expanded to
the point that its songs have become mini-masterpieces of aural impact”. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/defleppard/albums/album/307670/review/5943488/adrenalize
Slide 90 Black Sabbath formed 1968
� Ozzy Osbourne (lead vocals), Tony Lommi (guitar),
Geezer Butler (electric bass), and Bill Ward (drums and
percussion)
� Heavy Blues Rock
� Known for Stage Shows and Lyrics
� MTV ranked them as the “Greatest Metal Band of All
Time”
� 15 million records in U.S.
� Influenced other Metal bands including Metallica
� Inducted into Rock “N Roll hall of Fame in 2006
� Iron Man (I apologize if this offends anyone- it is an
edited version)
Slide 91
KISS formed in 1973
� Hard rock
� Known for their stage shows and costumes & live performances
� Paul Stanley (vocals and rhythm guitar), Gene Simmons
(vocals and bass guitar), Ace Frehley (lead guitar and
vocals), and Peter Criss (drums, percussion and vocals)
� Inducted into Rock “N Roll Hall of Fame in 2009
� Calling Dr. Love
Slide 92 Queen formed in 1971
� Known for macho and feminine
� Proud that they did not use synthesizers in their music
� Mock- Opera
� Bohemian Rhapsody- their most famous song according to VH1
� Another One Bites the Dust
Slide 93
Heavy Metal – Subgenres
Thrash Metal – Faster, more aggressive sound
� Metallica
� Anthrax
� Megadeth
� Slayer
Death Metal – Thrash Metal plus preoccupation with violence & Satanism
Black Metal – shriek & growled vocals
Power Metal – Reaction to Death & Black Metal, more upbeat & melodic
Doom & Gothic Metal – rejects speed, slows music to a crawl
Slide 94
Metallica formed in 1981
� Group members: � Drummer- Lars Ulrich,
� rhythm guitarist and vocalist -James Hetfield
� lead guitarist -Kirk Hammett,
� Bassist-Robert Trujillo.
� sophisticated, complex song structures
� serious lyrics that reflected teen obsessions with anger, despair, fear and death.
� lyrics pose deeper questions about justice and retribution, drug addiction, mental illness and political violence.
� Ride the Lightning� http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/metallica/biography
Slide 95
Heavy Metal – Progression
1990’s – 2000’s
� Heavy Metal declined in popularity with the breakthrough of alternative rock (grunge bands)
Nu-Metal – usually incorporates elements of metal with other genres (i.e. hip hop, death metal, alternative)
� P.O.D.
� Korn
� Papa Roach
� Limp Bizkit
� Slipknot
� Linkin Park
� System of a Down
Slide 96 Linkin Parkformed in 1996
� elements of hip-hop, modern rock, and atmospheric electronica into their music.
� Added to the already popular formula of rap-rock movement that paired grunge's alienation with a bold, buzzing soundtrack and introduced their technique of vocal interplay.
� Members:
� Chester Bennington- from Arizona
Rob BourdonBrad Delson
Dave "Phoenix" FarrellJoe Hahn
Mike ShinodaLinkin Park- In the End
� http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/linkin_park/bio.jhtml - Andrew Leahey
Slide 97 System of a DownFormed in 1994
� Quaking wails
� Poetry, religion are part of their lyrics
� Confront Genocide and the War on Terror in their music
� Serj Tankian (lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar),
Daron Malakian (vocals, guitar), Shavo Odadjian (bass,
background vocals) and John Dolmayan (drums).
� On an indefinite hiatius� System of a Down- “X”
Slide 98
Psychedelic Music
� “Psychedelic rock bridged the transition from early blues- and folk music-based rock to progressive rock, glam rock, hard rock and as a result influenced the development of sub-genres such as heavy metal. Since the late 1970s it has been revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia”. Often involves drugs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock
Slide 99 Pink Floyd formed in 1965
� Rock Opera Genre
� Flashy stage productions
� Most famous Album is The Wall which was a concept album
� Another Brick in the Wall
Slide 100 Grateful Dead formed in 1965
� Members: Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Phil Lesh, Ron
"Pigpen" McKernan, Bill Kreutzmann, Micky Hart, Keith
& Donna Godcheaux, Brent Mydland
� Known for their improve
� Mix of rock, blues, jazz, country, regaee
� Know as the “pioneering fathers of the Jam
band world”
� Number 55 of Greatest artists of all time by
Rolling Stone Magazine
� Casey Jones (It is edited, but still may have
inappropriate lyrics, sorry)
Slide 101
Hip Hop/Rap - Brief Overview
� consist of a rhythmic vocal style called rap
which is accompanied with backing beats.
� Hip hop music is part of hip hop culture, which
began in the Bronx, in New York City in the
1970s, predominantly among African
Americans and Latino Americans. The term rap
is often used synonymously with hip hop music. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_music
Slide 102
Hip Hop/Rap - Brief Overview
Early Hip Hop –� The Sugarhill Gang — “Rapper’s Delight” (1979)-
� Apache
� Credited with the 1st recorded hip hop single with popular success
� Invention of Sylvia Robinson, record producer, to make a profit from “novelty of hip hop”
1980’s – “Golden Age” of Rap� Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five
� Juice Crew
� Run-D.M.C.
� N.W.A
� Public Enemy
Slide 103
Hip Hop/Rap - Popularization
Run-D.M.C — “Walk this Way” (1986)
� Collaboration with Aerosmith – Reached
BillBoard Top Ten
� Showed mixture of hip hop & rock
Other Notable Artists
� Beastie Boys – “(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right
(To Party!)” (1986)
� LL Cool J
Slide 104
Hip Hop/Rap - Politicalization
Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five— “The
Message” (1982)
� Early Example of recorded hip hop with socially aware tone
Other Notable Artists
� Public Enemy – “Yo! Bum Rush the Show”
Slide 105 Hip Hop/Rap - Gangsta Rap
West Coast
� N.W.A. – “Straight Outta Compton” Album
(1988)
� Controversial Subject Matter – Drugs, violence and sex
� Explicit Lyrics – Earned the enmity of
law enforcement
� Dr. Dre – “The Chronic” Album (1992)(Snoop
Dog Rapping)
� Tupac Shakur- Dear Mama
East Coast
� Notorious B.I.G.
� Sean “Puffy” Combs (P. Diddy or “Diddy”)
Tupac
Notorious B.I.G
Dr. Dre
N.W.A
Sean “Puffy” Combs, P. Diddy, or Diddy, whatever
name he goes by now
Slide 106 Hip Hop/Rap - MainstreamOther Notable Artists
� Snoop Dogg
� Eminem“Lose Yourself”
� OutKast“Hey Ya”
� Nelly
� Jay-Z� Hard Knock life
� Kanye West“Stronger”
� Lil Wayne
Slide 107
Reggae
� popular music of Jamaican origin that combines native styles with elements of rock and soul music and is performed at moderate tempos with the accent on the offbeat (Merriam Webster Dictionary-Online)
Slide 108 Bob Marley
1945-1981
� Lead singer for the Wailers
� Influential in spread of Jamaican and Rastafarian music
� Awarded the Life Time Achievement Award at the Grammy’s in 2001
� Three Little Birds
� One Love/People Get Ready
� I Shot the Sheriff
Slide 109
Latin Music
� To be considered a Latin music artist, an individual or group must have at least one of the following three features:
� Rhythm: Play musical genres that are original from Latin America or a Latin European country.
� Cultural background: Have a cultural background related to Latin America or a Latin European country.
� Language: Play melodies either in Spanish and/or Portuguese.
Slide 110
Gloria Estefan 1957 to Present
� Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García de Estefan
� Cuban- American
� Queen of Latin Pop
� she is in the top 100 best selling music artists
� 100 million albums sold worldwide
� 7 Grammy Awards
� Top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100: "Conga” #
10 "Rhythm Is Gonna Get You" # 5
Slide 111
Julio Iglesias 1943 to Present
� Julio José Iglesias de la Cueva
� Spanish- Born in Spain
� sold over 300 million records worldwide in 14
languages and released 77 albums.
� Sings Romantic Ballads
� According to Sony Music Entertainment, he is one
of the top 10 best selling music artists in history
� “El Amor”
Slide 112 Carlos Santana1947 to Present
� Carlos Augusto Selva Santana
� Mexican American
� pioneered rock, salsa and jazz fusion
� Rolling Stone named Santana number 15 on their list of the
100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2003
� 10 Grammy Awards, 3 Latin Grammy Awards
� currently uses a Santana II model guitar using PRS
Santana III pickups with nickel covers and a tremolo, with
.009-.042 gauge D'Addario strings. necks and fretboards
are constructed out of a single solid piece of Brazilian
Rosewood
� “Curacion” & “Jingo” (Only a music video)
Slide 113
Back to Rock ‘N Roll and Pop Music
Slide 114 The Doors formed 1965
� vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore, and guitarist Robby Krieger.
� Very controversial group- pushed the boundries
� Poetic lyrics, wild stage antics (Morrison)
� New Documentary coming out Titled “When your Strange” in 2010 narrated by Johnny Depp.
� Light my fire
Slide 115 Bruce Springsteen
b. 1949
� Singer, songwriter, band leader
� Known as “The Boss”
� Best known for his stage shows & his E-Street Band
� Important more as a performer than as a musician- although he does blend rock, folk, and soul with intensity
� Dancing in the Dark
� Born in the U.S.A
Slide 116
Madonna 1980s
� Queen of Pop/Rock
� born August 16, 1958
� Visual appeal
� Materialism
� Madonna is ranked by the Recording Industry of America as the "Best Selling Female Rock Artist of the Twentieth Century"
� known for her shocking behavior and lyrics
� Rock N’ Roll Hall of Fame in 2008� Like a Prayer
Slide 117 U2 1980sformed in 1976
� Members: � Bono (vocals and guitar),
� The Edge (guitar, keyboards and vocals),� Adam Clayton (bass guitar) and� Larry Mullen Jr. (drums and percussion).
� Known for their charity work
� guitar riffs performed by The Edge
� More Grammy’s than any other band� Inducted into the Rock and Roll hall of Fame
� # 22 of top 100 artists/bands of all time by Rolling Stone
� Highest grossing Concert of all time 2010-2011
� ( also Mrs. Sokol’s favorite band)� Sunday Bloody Sunday
Slide 118 Michael Jackson- 1980s
Born Aug. 29, 1958- Died June 25, 2009
� King of Pop� Known for voice & dance moves
� Part of the Jackson 5- a family singing group run by his father
� started a solo career in 1972� MTV helped launch his career
� People originally flocked to him for his “clean cut “ image (which was later tranished) and he was compared as the biggest thing since Elvis or the Beatles
� hit it big in 1979 with Off the Wall and in 1982 with Thriller which is one of the first music videos
� Billie Jean
Slide 119 New Kids on the Block
(NKOTB) 1980”s & 90’s
Formed in 1984
� boy band (one of the first)
� Members:� consist of brothers Jordan and Jonathan Knight,
� Joey McIntyre,
� Donnie Wahlberg
� Danny Wood
� Sold over 80 million albums worldwide,
� paved the way for acts like Backstreet Boys, Take That and *NSYNC.
� won two American Music Awards
� Album Hangin’ Tough is the most famous
� They reunited in 2008 and took on a new style, released a new album,
and embarked on a concert tour in the fall. The album, entitled The
Block was released on September 2, 2008 (wikipedia.com)
� Hangin’ Tough
Slide 120 Cold Play formed in 1997
� Members:
� Guy Berryman - bass guitar, synthesizer, harmonica, backing
vocals
� Jon Buckland - lead guitar, harmonica, backing vocals
� Will Champion - drums/percussion, piano, backing vocals
� Chris Martin - lead vocals, lead piano/keyboard, guitar
� Cold Play is a post-Britpop/alternative rock band from London, United Kingdom well known for their rock melodies and introspective lyrics. Formed in 1999. Have been compared to the Beatles and U2
� Yellow
� Alternative music
Slide 121
Grunge
� rock music incorporating elements of punk rock and heavy metal (Webster Dictionary)
� Often has nihilism, dissatisfaction, or apathy in the lyrics (free dictionary)
Slide 122 Nirvana 1990sformed in1987
� Spokesman for generation X
� Members:
� singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain, bassist Krist Novoselic, drummer DaveGrohl.
� popularized what would later be termed grunge music
� band became even more popular after Cobain committed suicide
� In a late 1989 interview, Cobain noted that the band's music was changing. He said, "The early songs were really angry ... But as time goes on the songs are getting poppier and poppier as I get happier and happier. The songs are now about conflicts in relationships, emotional things with other human beings."
� Smells Like Teen Spirit
Slide 123
Punk
� rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock (free dictionary) –often the fans or artists will dress in accordance (Mohawks, piercings, dyed hair, eyeliner, etc)
Slide 124 Sex Pistols formed in 1975
� Brought Punk to U.K.
� Gave rise to Punk
� Inspired other bands � Members: vocalist Johnny Rotten, guitarist Steve Jones,
drummer Paul Cook and bassist Glen Matlock. Matlock
was replaced by Sid Vicious
� Influenced bands like The Clash, Guns ‘N Roses, Nirvana, & Green Day
� God Save the Queen-
Slide 125 Green Day
Formed in 1987� Members:� Billie Joe Armstrong (guitar, vocals),
� Mike Dirnt (bass; born Mike Pritchard) � Tre’ Cool ( drums)
� punk revivalists, recharging the energy of speedy, catchy three-chord punk-pop songs.
� influence was far-reaching because they opened the doors for a flood of American neo-punk, punk metal, and third wave skarevivalists.( all media-www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.)
� Huge success with “American Idiot “ album- which is now a Broadway musical
� When I come around
Slide 126
Techno
� electronic dance music that features a fast beat and synthesized sounds usually without vocals or a conventional popular song structure- circa 1987
Slide 127
Daft Punk formed 1993
� French musicians Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Thomas Bangalter
� 2 Grammy Awards
� Considered the premier Techno band
� Use images during concerts
� One More Time
Slide 128
Ska
� popular music of Jamaican origin that combines elements of traditional Caribbean rhythms and jazz circa 1964
Slide 129 Mighty MightyBosstones
formed in 1985
� Laid the ground work for Ska and Skametal
� Tim Bridewell, Dicky Barrett (vocals), Nate Albert (guitar),
Joe Gittleman (bass), Josh Dalsimer (drums), and Tim
"Johnny Vegas" Burton (saxophone), plus dancer Ben
Carr.
� Mixed ska and hard punk
� Known as party music
� The Impression That I get
Slide 130 Sublime formed in 1988
� Members: Bradley Nowell (vocals and guitar), Bud Gaugh (drums and percussion), and Eric Wilson (bass guitar)
� Along with Green Day and other Bands it is credited with reviving Punk Rock
� Ska- punk
� Music was known for grooves & rhythms
� Badfish
Slide 131
New Age
� Of or relating to a complex of spiritual and consciousness-raising movements originating in the 1980s and covering a range of themes from a belief in spiritualism and reincarnation to advocacy of holistic approaches to health and ecology.
Slide 132
Enya b 1961
� Irish Vocalist, instrumentalist, and composer
� 4 Grammy awards & an Academy Award Nomination
� Music is described as ethereal and she is known for the unique sound and voice layering as well as synthesized sound
� Only Time
� Wild Child
Slide 133
American Idol
� The pop culture phenomenon that started in 2002 and
continues thru today. Thousands of regular people audition before a panel of judges (Simon Cowell, Paula
Abdul, left show, Randy Jackson, Kara DioGuardi, Ellen
DeGeneres and host Ryan Seacrest) and television
crews to become the next “American Idol”. The winner
will receive a recording contract and hopefully fame.
There have been 8 winners so far with a 9th ready to be
announced.
Slide 134 Kelly Clarkson b. 1982
� Became famous thanks to American Idol
� Was the first season winner of American
Idol
� Won 2 Grammy Awards
� 4 Albums released
� highest-selling American Idol alum overall, with around 23 million albums sold worldwide.
� Since U Been Gone
� Behind These Hazel Eyes
Slide 135 Carrie Underwood b. 1983
� Another American Idol Winner
� Grammy awards, multi platinum albums
� Passed Kelly Clarkson as best selling American Idol artist
by only 100 thousand records in the U.S.
� inducted into the Grand Ole Opry, is a three-time
Academy of Country Music and Country Music
Association Female Vocalist winner, and the current ACM
Entertainer of the Year. She is the first ever female artist
to win back-to-back Academy of Country Music (ACM)
Awards for Entertainer of the Year (2009/2010).
� Before He Cheats
Slide 136
Movie Sound Tracks
� Music added to theatrical productions.
� The music adds emotion, heightens experience, and helps the audience participate in the movie.
� Adds to the overall atmosphere and helps create the effect the director, producer, and writer wish to create.
Slide 137
John Williams b. 1932
Orchestra compositions for movies:
� Olympic Fanfare, “E.T.”,“Star Wars”, “Jaws”, “Indiana Jones”, “Harry Potter”
films, and all but 2 of Steven Spielberg’s films.
� Boston Pops conductor (1980-93), composer, conductor, pianist
� 21 Grammy Awards
� 4 Golden Globes
� 5 Academy Awards (nominated for 45)
Slide 138
Today’s music
� Today’s music ranges from punk, rap, to alternative and techno.
� Music comes in a variety of forms and everyone has their own preference.
� With digital music making its way onto the stage,, You Tube and Musical TV, music will continue to change with society.
Slide 139
Works Cited / referenced
� http://www.muddywaters.com/bio.htm
� http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/
� http://www.biography.com/
� http://www.rockabillyhall.com/BillHaley.html
� http://randb.about.com/od/rb12/a/Rhythm_Blues.htm
� http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/funk
Slide 140
Works Cited/ Referenced
� http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
� http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
� Wikipedia