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HITACHI TILT TRAIN TECHNOLOGYHITACHI TILT TRAIN TECHNOLOGY
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What is the Tilting System?The system has been developed to increase the operational speed of the
trains on Japanese narrow gauge lines which have many curves. With this
system, car bodies are tilted at curves to compensate extra centrifugal
acceleration and thus trains can run at higher speed at curves than
conventional train without spoiling ride comfort.
The advantage of tilting system
Saving travel timeSpeed up at curve1
Lower the investment cost thanbuild new high speed track system
Using existing line2
Improve ride comfort3
1-1 Introduction of Carbody Tilting System
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Introduction of Carbody Tilting System
Carbody Tilting System
Conventional
train
Straight track Curved track
Tilting train
Tilt rolling center
Carbody tilt angle5
Compressed air
Tilt beam
Air cylinder for carbody tilting
controlRollerBogie frame
Cant
Track surface
1-2
Bolster spring
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Tilt Trains in Japan
Trend of Tilt Trains in Japan
Since 1973, carbody tilt system has
been adopted and contributed
improvement of service speed at
narrow gauge railroad.
Today, more than 500 cars with
controlled tilt are in service
operation in Japan.
Controlled tilt from 1988 500cars ~
Natural tilt from 1973 less than
201cars
Sapporo
Tokyo
Hakata
Series 281/283
DMU
Series 2000 DMU
Series 8000 EMU
Series E351
EMU
Series 383
EMUSeries HOT 7000 DMU
Series 883/885 EMU
2-1
Series 283 EMU
Series 187 DMU
Osaka
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Tilt Trains in Japan
Example of speed up
Operator Type Series Speed up in curve
Radius 600 mcomparison with conventional train
JR-Shikoku EMU 8000 +30km/hJR-Kyushu EMU 883/885 +30km/h
JR-East EMU E351 +25km/h
Curve passing speed in Japan km/h
Radius of Curve m 250 300 400 600 800
Conventional train 60 65 75 90 100
Tilt train 75 85 100 120 130
2-2
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Tilt Trains in Japan2-2
Example of time saving
10 ~ 20% Time Saving !!
Operator JR-Kyushu JR-Kyushu JR-Shikoku
Type EMU EMU EMU
Series 883 885 8000
Section Hakata-Oita Hakata-Nagasaki Okayama-Matsuyama
Distance 201 km 154 km 214 km
Conventional Train 2h 29min 1h 57min 3h 10min
Tilting Train 1h 59min 1h 47min 2h 39min
Time Saving 30min 10min 31min
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Feature of Hitachi Tilting System
Japanese tilting vehicle matches the reverse curve tracks for following
reason.
Reduces tilting motion delay
Improves of riding comfort
Predictive tilt
control
Saves space for mounting
Clean and easy maintenance Light weight
Pneumatic
mechanism
Improves reliabilityFail-safe system
3-1
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Feature of Hitachi Tilting System
1. Predictive ControlBy using the data of curve conditions initially stored in the Command Controller, the
tilting control starts at a certain distance before the curve entrance to eliminate the time
lag in the tilting motion. The car body tilt angle is so controlled as to follow the target
values expressed as a function of the running distance of the car to make the car body
roll gently and smooth.
Effective for reverse curves
3-2
ATP carborne elementThe CC unit detects point A by
detecting the ATP ground element.
The CC unit sends tilt timing
commands to the TC unit.
The carbody begins to tilt
with commands from the TC unit.
ATP ground
element
Beginning of transition
curve
Beginning of
circular curve
End of circular
curve
End of
transition curve
The carbody begins to return to upright
position by commands from the TC unit.
CC Unit: Command Controller
TC Unit: Tilt Controller
Running direction CC
unit
A
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Predictive tilt control
Actual Curve Profile
Target Tilt Angle
The predictive tilt control system keeps car rolling angle to the target,
minimizes the carbody rolling speed.
Minimizing angular Better riding
velocity of roll comfort !
Feature of Hitachi Tilting System
Ground ATS Entrance
Transition
Curve
Super
elevation C
Circle curve Exit
Transition
Curve
3-3
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Comparison of natural tilt to predictive controlled tilt
The predictive control resolves tilting delay at the entrance of a transition
curve and smoothens car body tilting motion so that the car can run at higher
speed at curves.
The value 5deg/sec is the ride comfort index of the tilting system, which
was determined from results of experiments, conducted by Japanese
railways and manufactures.
Feature of Hitachi Tilting System
Carbody
Tilt Angle
Carbody
Roll Velocity
Natural Controlled
Tilting delay at
entrance transition
curve
Exceeding
5deg/sec
Smoother at rates
below 5deg/sec
3-4
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Feature of Hitachi Tilting System
2. Pneumatic mechanismSharing the same power source with
the air brake system, the size of the
tilting system is compact (space
saving), which is preferable for the
limited under floor mounting space of
the rolling stocks used on narrow
gauged tracks.
Without using hydraulic power, the
system can realize clean and easy
maintenance. Also the lightness of
the system contributes to thereduction of the car weight, which is
a key feature for speed up and
assures less pressure or damage to
the track.
Tilting beam
Tilt control cylinder
Roller
Bogie frame
3-5
Compressed air
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Feature of Hitachi Tilting System
3. Fail safe systemIn case of the Japanese system, the tilt control is used in addition to the natural
tilt mechanism. Namely, the tilting of the car body is accomplished by applying
external moment to the car body, which is generated by air cylinders. If any
trouble arises with the tilt control system, the natural tilting mechanism can act
as a backup cutting off the pressure of the air cylinders.
Tilt control
Natural tilt mechanism
Fail safe
&High reliability
3-6
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Feature of Hitachi Tilting System
4. Comparison between Japanese and European system
Carbody
Body weight
Roller
Bogie frame
Tilt rolling center
Roll angle
Carbody tilt
angle
MAX5
Gauge
Natural tilt mechanism
(Japanese System)Forced tilt mechanism
(European System)
Bolster spring
Tilt beam
Air cylinder for
tilt
Axle spring
Cant
Body weight
Link
Bogie frame
Tilt center
Roll angle
Gauge
R Curve radius
V Running speed
g Gravity
acceleration
Bolster spring
Axle spring
Cant
3-7
Carbody
Oil cylinder for tilt
Tilt beam
Carbody tilt
angle
MAX5
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Feature of Hitachi Tilting System3-8
4. Comparison between Japanese and European system
Japanese System European System
Control system Tilt control Active control+
Natural Tilt Mechanism
Fail safe
Predictive control Feedback control
+Feedback control
Better Riding Comfort
Tilt mechanism Pneumatic (Air) Hydraulic (Oil)
Additional Power Source
Space saving
Light weight Less space
Clean maintenance Heavier weight
Gauge Narrow gauge Standard 1,067mm 1,435mm
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Conclusion
Best tilting technology for TRA's narrow gauge system will be
Hitachi's tilt control system with following features.
1. Predictive Control
2. Pneumatic mechanism
3. Fail safe system
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