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Honey BeeHoney Bee Biology
101
Jeff LittlefieldDept. LRES
Montana State U - BozemanMontana State U. - BozemanWinston after Wilson
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Honey BeeHoney Bee Biology
101
Jeff LittlefieldDept. LRES
Montana State U - BozemanMontana State U. - BozemanWinston after Wilson
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Importance of Honey BeesImportance of Honey Bees
• Honey• Honey • Wax & other products• Pollination• Fun
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Importance of Honey BeesImportance of Honey Bees• HoneyHoney
• Wax & other products• Pollination• Fun
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Importance of Honey BeesImportance of Honey Bees• HoneyHoney • Wax & other products
Pollination• Pollination• Fun
www.wingettphotography.com
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Importance of Honey BeesImportance of Honey Bees• HoneyHoney • Wax & other products• PollinationPollination
• Fun
Rothenbuhler Honey Bee Laboratory
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Bees Are Social (Eusocial)(Superorganism)
• Reproductive division f kof work
• Have sterile castes O• Overlapping generationsC t i f• Cooperate in care of young
P. Denke
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Bee Historyy• Evolved from wasps more
than 100 million years agoy g• A recently found fossilized
bee dates back 100 million earsyears
• First honey bee appeared 20-27 million years agoy g
• “Bee keeping” by humans occurred 4,500 years ago
www.bursztyn.px.pl/.../boreallodape.html
• First time introduced into North America early16th
centurycentury
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Honey Bee Races• Scientific name
Apis melliferap
• Natural range Europe EurasiaEurope, Eurasia, Middle East & AfricaAfrica
• Approximately 24 pp yraces
• Often mixed or• Often mixed or artificially breed Winston
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Honey Bee RacesRace Italian Carniolan Caucasian German
BlackAfricanized
Species Apis melliferaligustica
Apis melliferacarnica
Apis melliferacaucasica
Apis melliferamellifera
Apis melliferascutellata
Origin Italy Alps, northern Yugoslavia
Caucasus Mts -Black &
Northern Europe
Eastern Africag Yugoslavia Black & Caspian Seas
Europe
Color Golden yellow Gray/brown Lead-gray Brown/black Golden yellow
Over wintering
Well (generally)Build quickly in spring
WellBuild quickly in spring
PoorlyBuild slowly in spring
WellBuild slowly in spring
Poorly
gOther -Most popular
honey bee- Tend to rob
other hives
- Swarms frequently
- Construct comb slowly
- Gum up their hives with propolis (tree resins and
Nervous & aggressive
- Smaller nests and swarm more frequently
- Usually gentley
- Gentle beeswax)- Gentle to
aggressive
- Aggressive
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External MorphologyExternal Morphology
Winston
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External MorphologyExternal Morphology
Z. Huang
Winston
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External MorphologyExternal Morphology
Z. Huang
Winston
Mackean
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External MorphologyExternal Morphology
Z. Huang
Winston
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External MorphologyExternal Morphology
WinstonZ. Huang
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External MorphologyExternal Morphology
Winston
Z. Huang
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Internal MorphologyInternal Morphology
Grolier's Multimedia Encyclopedia
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Internal MorphologyInternal Morphology
Michener
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Basic BiologyLife Cycle
S Camazine
www.texasdrone.com
S. Camazine
Z. Huang
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Basic BiologyDevelopment
Winston
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AdultsAdults
♀ ♂
Winston
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QueenQueen• One queen (normally)• Only actively
reproducing femaleCan produce 1 500• Can produce 1,500 eggs per day at the height of the brood
www.csdeschenes.qc.c
height of the brood season
• Can live for 2-5 yrs.y• Controls the hive
through pheromones
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WorkersWorkers• Female• Usually do not• Usually do not
reproduce• Responsible for• Responsible for
most of the work • Colony will have• Colony will have
20,000 - 70,000+• Live for 4 6 weeks• Live for 4-6 weeks
in summer, 4-5 months in wintermonths in winter
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DronesDrones• Males
M. Frazier
Males• Sexually mature at 2
weeks• Mate with female
virgin queens while in g qflight
• Upon mating they die• Removed from the
hive in late fall
www.uni.uiuc.edu
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Inside the HiveInside the Hive
Z. Huang
Holldobler
M. Frazier
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Division of LaborDivision of Labor
• Among females (reproduction)• Among workers (tasks)• Not fixed – somewhat plasticNot fixed somewhat plastic • Depends upon
Age of the bee– Age of the bee– Needs of the colony
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Division of LaborWorkers
Young bees:1 to 10 days1 to 10 days
• Cell cleaningT d b d• Tend brood
• Cap brood• Attend queen
Z. Huang
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Division of LaborWorkers
Middle aged beesMiddle-aged bees:10 to 20 days old
R i t &• Receive nectar & pollenC b b ildi• Comb building
• Hive cleaningD b i l• Debris removal
• Undertakers• Climate control
M. Frazier
• Climate control
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Division of LaborWorkers
Old bees:Old bees:20 days until death (30-
45 days)y )• Foraging
– Nectar– Pollen– Water– Resin
• Hive defense
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Division of LaborForaging - Efforts
To make 1 lb honey• Bees visit 2,000,000
flowers• Gather 10 lbs nectar • Fly 55,000 miles
1 cell of Honey = life work of
Z. Huang
1 cell of Honey = life work of 60 bees
To make 1 lb waxTo make 1 lb wax• Need to consume 10 lbs
honey
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ForagingForagingDances – Conveys ydirection & distance to nectar and pollen psources
Wikipedia
Round Dance Waggle DanceCrane after Von Ftrisch
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Division of LaborReproduction
• The Queen is the primary Q p yreproductive unit of the hiveF tili d• Fertilized eggs may become either workers or queens
• To become a queen, a larva must:
Be fed royal jelly– Be fed royal jelly – Be fed more food– Have a larger cell Z. Huang
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Division of LaborReproduction
New Queens arise due to:New Queens arise due to:
Swarming:Th i iti tThe queen initiates a new queen in the hive. She then leaves with a portion of the workers & starts aof the workers & starts a new hive.
Supersedure:Supersedure: Workers kill off the old queen & new queens are formed Generally to saveformed. Generally to save the existing colony.
D. Sammataro
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Division of LaborR d tiReproduction
New virgin queenNew virgin queen• Seeks out cells and kills
developing queensp g q• Fight to the death with other
emerging queens• She sexually matures within
a few days & makes her mating flight g g
• Returns to the hive & begins to lay eggs after a f d
M. Frazier
few days
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If she does not return to the hive -If she does not return to the hive
Slide after M. Frazier
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A colony of drones
Slide after M. Frazier
M. Frazier
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Winston Mark L 1987 The biology of theWinston, Mark L. 1987. The biology of the honey bee. Harvard University Press. 281 p.
Crane, Eva. 1990. Bees and beekeeping : science practice and world resourcesscience, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub. Associates. 614 p.
Frazier, M. Penn State University Understanding Honey Bee Biology The KeyUnderstanding Honey Bee Biology- The Key to Successful Beekeepinghttp://www.ento.psu.edu/teaching/ main/bees/honey_bee_biology010304.pdfHuang.g
Photos from Huang, Z. Michigan State U. Bee Photos. http://photo.bees.net/gallery/, and various other photographersvarious other photographers.