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How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?
Maps and Modern tools
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Patterns
Geographers look for patterns.
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Patterns
When they find similarities or differences between places, they ask why.
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In order to explain these differences, geographers must have tools to help answer WHERE something is.
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Geographic Concepts and Models
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Cartography Definition: The science
of map-making
Two reasons to use maps: As a reference tool (to
keep us from getting lost)
As a communications tool (to explain where something is distributed)
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Map Scales
Measured in three ways: Ratio (ex. 1
inch=25,000 inches)
Written Scale (ex. 1 inch=50 miles)
Graphic Scale (ex. bar line – see picture on left)
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Map Projection
Projection – Transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map
http://www.1worldglobes.com/images/Globes/Discovery-Globe-thumb.jpg
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Projection
Can be difficult, as most maps are distorted (sphere vs. flat paper)
BUT…globes aren’t portable or practical
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Projection cont’d
4 types of distortions Shape Distance (Between
two points) Relative size (may
appear larger or smaller than it actually is)
Direction (from one place to another) C:\Users\stevensaa\Desktop\
mirror_distortion_1_th[1].gif
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Satellite-Based Maps GPS – Global
Positioning System Determines the
precise position of areas on Earth
3 Elements: Numerous satellites
(remote sensing) Tracking stations
(controls the satellites) Receiver (used to
pinpoint location) http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp40/images/GPS_Constellation_2.gif
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Satellite cont’d
GIS – Geographic Information System) Computer system
that can capture, store, analyze, and display geographic data
More accurate Can show
relationships between different kinds of information
http://gothamist.com/attachments/jake/2006_6_bestofmap1.jpg