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How do immigrants manage their
devalued social identity?
Total-sample and multi-sampleconfirmatory factor analysis of
Coping with Immigrants
Stigma Scale (CISS)
Magdalena Bobowik, Nekane Basabe & Daro Pez
University of the Basque Country
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Objectives of the study
Introduction: devalued social identity & social stigmaparadigms in conjunction
Method: samples, procedure, & measures
Results:
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Conclusions
Outline
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Study 1(a) to develop items reflecting how immigrants cope with
stigmatization
(b) to examine the initial factor structure of the scale
Study 2
(a) to replicate the factor structure
(b) to demonstrate the reliability of the measurement model
(c) to demonstrate the scales concurrent validity
Study 3
(a) to analyze the structural and measurement invariance of the
scale across five cultural groups of immigrants
Objectives of the Studies
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Introduction
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research on coping with stigma:still limited (Miller & Kaiser, 2001)
stigma and prejudice paradigmshave received little research
attention in conjunction, examinedas independent socialconstructions (special issue by Stuber, Meyer,& Link, 2008)
Why coping with stigma?
stigmaoriented contributions: identity-threat models (Crocker, Major,& Steele, 1998; Major & O'Brien, 2005)
prejudicerelated models: social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)
the two frameworks refer to a single construct, with small
distinctions (Phelan et al. 2008)
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social identity theory andthe social stigma modelin conjunction:a good explanation for the
mechanisms of facing athreat to ones groupidentity.
there has been scarce
research focusing on theway immigrants cope withstigma,
nor have specific scales beendeveloped
Why coping with stigma?
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we go beyond previous research oncoping of minorities to focus onforeignborn immigrants (e.g. Wei,Alvarez, Ku, Russell, & Bonett, 2010)
only a few studies attempted tomeasure stressspecific collectivecoping,(e.g., Blanz, Mummendey, Mielke, &Klink, 1998; Crocker et al., 1998; Outten,Schmitt, Garcia, & Branscombe, 2009)
especially in the context ofpervasively devalued identities
Why coping with stigma?
extend the range of coping responses from individual responsesto collective ones
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Social stigma is a function of having anattribute that conveys a devalued socialidentity of certain social groups inparticular context
(Crocker, Major & Steele, 1998; Major & OBrien, 2005)
Immigrants Stigma
PerceivedDiscrimination:awareness of
stigma
The targets perspective
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PerceivedDiscrimination:awareness of
stigma
ThreatenedIdentity
AdaptationOutcomes
Consequences of Stigma
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PerceivedDiscrimination:awareness of
stigma
Mental and
physical health
(Williams, Neighbors,
& Jackson, 2003)
(Branscombe, Schmitt &Harvey, 1999; Mesch,
Turjeman &Fishman, 2008)
Depressivesymptoms
Satisfactionwith Life
Collective Self-esteem
(Finch, Kolody, & Vega, 2000;
Noh & Kaspar, 2003)
(Basabe, Pez, Aierdi, &Jimnez-Aristizabal, 2009)
Consequences of Stigma
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Stigmatized
individuals donot have to bepassivevictims ofprejudice and
discrimination
Coping with Stigma They may act to
deal with thenegative identity orrebuild a positivesocial identity - topreserve their well-
being and selfesteem
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Devalued SocialIdentity
Social Creativity
(Tajfel & Turner, 1979; Ellemers, 1993)
SocialCompetition
Social Identity Theory
IndividualMobility
3.Impermeability
(Un)stabilityIllegitimacy
1.Permeability
2.Impermeability
StabilityLegitimacy
Positive SocialIdentity
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PerceivedDiscrimination:awareness of
stigma
SocialComparisons
PsychologicalDisengagement
Self-Esteem
Social Stigma & Self-Esteem
Attributions toPrejudice
(Crocker & Major, 1989; Crocker, Major, & Steele, 1998)
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IndividualMobility
AvoidingPrejudice
Disengagement/ Distancing
EmotionalControl
SubordinateRecategorization
Super-ordinateRecategorization
Intragroup andTemporal
Comparisons
Individualization
SocialCompetition
Socio-centricRelative
Deprivation
RealisticCompetition
MakingAttributions to
Prejudice
NewComparison
Group
SubordinateRecategorization /
Expulsion
NewComparisonDimension
Re-evaluation ofComparisonDimension
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Method
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Participants
Stratified by age and sex
sample (n= 1250) of immigrantpersons proceeding from:
Procedure The questionnaires: individually administered by trained interviewers
(in collaboration with the Basque Observatory of Immigration)
Administered in Spanish; however, the interviewers were backed-up
with English and French translation of the questionnaire
Method: Participants &Procedure
Bolivia (250)
Marocco (250)
Romania (250)
Sub-SaharanAfrica (250)
Colombia(250)
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Individual Coping Strategies
Category 1: Individual Mobility & Self-Regulation
Individual Mobility Avoiding Prejudice Emotional Control Distraction
Category 2: Personal Recategorizations & Comparisons
Individualization
Individual Subordinate Recategorization (Me-us Differentiation) Superordinate Recategorization Intragroup and Temporal Comparison
Scale: 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree
Items are presented in the results section
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Collective Coping Strategies
Category 3: Social cognitive creativity
New Comparison Group Re-evaluation of Comparison Dimension New Comparison Dimension Expulsion: Intragroup Subordinate Recategorization
Category 4: Attributions to prejudice, and collective action
Attribution to Prejudice
Social and Realistic Competition Socio-centric Relative Deprivation Realistic Competition
Scale: 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree
Items are presented in the results section
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Adaptation Variables: Personal Adaptation (110)
Satisfaction with Life (SWL) 6 items
an item taken from the World Value Survey (Inglehart et al., 2004)
All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole
these days? Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale (Diener & BisbasDiener, 2008)
family, money and income, friends, work, and oneself as a person
2 first-order factors and 1 higher-order factor:
Socioeconomic SWL ( = 0.78) Personal SWL ( = 0.73)
((7, N= 1250) =35.095, p< .001; CFI = 0.988; SRMR = 0.028)
Scale: 1 = dissatisfied and 10 = satisfied
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Adaptation Variables: Collective Adaptation
Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSE) 5 items
2 first-order factors and 1 higher-order factor
Private Collective Self-Esteem ( = 0.78)
I feel good about the national group I belong to Importance to Identity ( = 0.80)
My nationality is important to me
(4, N= 1250) = 100.956, p< .001; CFI = 0.961; SRMR = 0.040
Scale: 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree
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Individual Mobility & SelfRegulation (1 factor) 45.1%
Personal Recategorizations & Comparisons (3 factors)
Temporal & Intragroup Comparisons 31.4%Meus Differentiation 21.5%Individualization 14.3%
Attributions to Prejudice & Social Competition (2 factors)
Attributions to Prejudice and Discrimination 30.2%
Social Competition 22.8%
Cognitive Creativity (3 factors)New Group of Comparison 24.8 %Subordinate Differentiation or Expulsion 18.5 %
Restructuration of Comparison Dimension 29.1 %
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Results: Study 2
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Collective Coping Strategies
ATTRIBUTIONSTO PREJUDICE
SOCIALCOMPETITION
CREATIVITY:NEW GROUP
15 1816 17 20 242319 21
.86.73 .73 .89 .88.89 .67 .71
.68 .73 .48.32 .74 .70.73.63
CREATIVITY:NEW
DIMENSIONS
22
.46 -.42
.78 .68
CREATIVITY:EXPULSION
2625
.63 .79
.77 .61.45
.59
.18
.26.50 .30
.36
.76
.18
.26
.41
.25-
Model fit:
S-B(42, N= 642) = 88.95, p< .001; CFI = 0.952; NFI = 0.915;RMSEA = 0.042 (90% CI [.030,.054]).
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Collective Coping Strategies
ATTRIBUTIONSTO PREJUDICE
15 1816 17
.86.73 .73 .89
.68 .73 .46 -.42 .25-
4. We don't take jobs away fromthe local people: we do the jobsthey don't want to do
11. The bad situation of immigrantsfrom my country is caused by alack of support from the Basquesand the Spaniards
13. Immigrants earn less moneyand have fewer opportunities tobetter themselves than theydeserve
14. The poor view that someBasques hold of immigrants isbecause these people have a lot ofprejudices
Maximal reliability: 0.59
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Collective Coping Strategies
SOCIALCOMPETITION
1816 2019
.86.73 .88.89
.48.32-.42 .45
We immigrants ought tohave the same services andrights as people from here
We immigrants from mycountry can band together tofight for our rights and be likepeople from here
I have faith that in time,justice will be done andprejudice towards us willbecome a thing of the past
Maximal reliability: 0.50
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Collective Coping Strategies
21
.73.63
CREATIVITY:NEW
DIMENSIONS
22
.78 .68
8. Despite what people say, we immigrants are muchmore hard-working than the Basques
15. We people from my country are better in many waysthan people from here
Maximal reliability: 0.66
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Collective Coping Strategies
CREATIVITY:NEW GROUP
2423
.67 .71
.74 .70
1. There are other groups thatare seen in a worse light herethan people from my country
3. The Basques and theSpaniards treat people frommy country more kindly thanthey treat other immigrants
Maximal reliability: 0.69
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Collective Coping Strategies
CREATIVITY:EXPULSION
2625
.63 .79
.77 .61
5. The bad things that people say about us are caused bythe behaviour of a small minority; most of us aren't like that
10. At times the unacceptable behaviour of someimmigrants makes the Basques think badly of us
Maximal reliability: 0.70
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Individual Coping Strategies
INTRAGROUP &TEMPORAL
COMPARISONS
ME-USDIFFERENTIATION
9875 6 1110 12
.74 .51 .65.86 .76 .62 .76
.67 .86 .76 .78 .65 .41.98
INDIVIDUALIZATION
13
.55
.18 .91
INDIVIDUALMOBILITY
1
.89
2 3 4
.82 .864
.78
.58 .51 .62.45 .51 .30
.41
.27
.23
.11.13
.13
Model fit:
S-B (59, N=642) = 142.62, p< .001; CFI = 0.939; NFI = 0.901; RMSEA =0.047 (90% CI [.037,.057]).
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Individual Coping Strategies
5 6
.86 .76
INDIVIDUALMOBILITY
1
.89
2 3 4
.82 .864
.78
.58 .51 .62.45 .51 .30
I make an effort to overcome thedifficulties I face as an immigrant
I throw myself in and concentrate onmy studies or work so as not to haveto think about my situation, and I actas if everything were O.K.
I try to stay clear of people who thinkbadly of immigrants
I try not to let it get to me on anemotional level when immigrants are
badly treated
I make an effort to demonstrate thatI'm better than people from here inmy working life (or whatever
else it is that you do)
Maximal reliability: 0.64
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Individual Coping Strategies
INTRAGROUP &TEMPORAL
COMPARISONS
9876
.74 .51 .65.76
.67 .86 .76.55
8. My own personal situation is
fairly better than the situation ofmost immigrants from my country
9. Now I'm enjoying theexperiences of daily life morethan before and I'm trying tomake the most of them
10. When I think of what my plansand prospects used to be, mysituation is better than I expectedthen
12. Compared with the past, mysituation is better than before
Maximal reliability: 0.85
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Individual Coping Strategies
ME-USDIFFERENTIATION
1110
.62 .76
.78 .65
4. I feel very different from most of the people from mycountry
5. We immigrants from my country are very differentamongst ourselves
Maximal reliability: 0.70
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Individual Coping Strategies
12
.41.98
INDIVIDUALIZATION
13
.18 .91
Maximal reliability: 0.69
17. I feel more like a citizen of the planetthan a member of a national group
18. I don't identify with any group (eitherthe Basques or the people from mycountry)
C t V lidit
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Concurrent Validity
ATTRIBUTIONS
TO PREJUDICE
SOCIALCOMPETITION
CREATIVITY:
NEW GROUP
CREATIVITY:NEW
DIMENSIONS
CREATIVITY:EXPULSION
CollectiveSelf-esteem
Satisfactionwith Life
-.02
.61*
.01
.19*
-.37+
-.44*
.15
.16
.34*
.13
(df) 293.23 (116)
P < .001
CFI 0.919
NFI 0.875
RMSEA 0.049
90% CI RMSEA (.042,.056)
(df) 233.83 (101)
P < .001
CFI 0.941
NFI 0.902
RMSEA 0.045
90% CI RMSEA (.038,.053)
+ p< .10; * p< .05.
25% of variance 23% of variance
C t V lidit
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INTRAGROUP &TEMPORAL
COMPARISONS
ME-USDIFFERENTIATION
INDIVIDUALIZATION
INDIVIDUAL
MOBILITY
Concurrent Validity
Satisfactionwith Life
CollectiveSelf-esteem
.09
.81*
.10
-.02
.30*
.20*
-.25*
-.01
(df) 353.01 (140)
P < .001
CFI 0.915
NFI 0.868
RMSEA 0.049
90% CI RMSEA (.042,.055)
+ p< .10; * p< .05.
72% of variance 13% of variance
(df) 281.29 (124)
P < .001
CFI 0.932
NFI 0.885
RMSEA 0.044
90% CI RMSEA (.038,.051)
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Results: Study 3
Multi sample: Collective
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Multi-sample: CollectiveCoping -structural invariance
ATTRIBUTIONSTO PREJUDICE
SOCIALCOMPETITION
CREATIVITY:NEW GROUP
15 1816 17 20 242319 21
CREATIVITY:NEW
DIMENSIONS
22
CREATIVITY:EXPULSION
2625
Model fit:
S-B(210, N= 1250) = 375.39, p< .001; CFI = 0.916.
Multi sample: Individual Coping
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Multi-sample: Individual Copingstructural invariance
INTRAGROUP &TEMPORAL
COMPARISONS
ME-USDIFFERENTIATION
9875 6 1110 12
INDIVIDUALIZATION
13
INDIVIDUALMOBILITY
1 2 3 4
Model fit:S-B (295, N=1250) = 555.26 , p< .001; CFI = 0.897.
Multi sample: Collective Coping
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Multi-sample: Collective Coping- measurement invariance
Model fit:
S-B (266, N=1250) = 509.72 , p< .001; CFI = 0.876.; RMSEA = .027 (90% CI[.024,.031]).
ATTRIBUTIONSTO PREJUDICE
SOCIALCOMPETITION
CREATIVITY:NEW GROUP
15 1816 17 20 242319 21
CREATIVITY:NEW
DIMENSIONS
22
CREATIVITY:EXPULSION
2625
Sub-SaharanAfricans
Multi-sample: Individual Coping
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Multi-sample: Individual Copingmeasurement invariance
Model fit:
S-B(343, N= 1250) = 675.04, p< .001; CFI = 0.869; RMSEA = .028 (90% CI[.025,.031]).
INTRAGROUP &TEMPORAL
COMPARISONS
ME-USDIFFERENTIATION
9875 6 1110 12
INDIVIDUALIZATION
13
INDIVIDUALMOBILITY
1 2 3 4
Sub-Saharan Africans
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Conclusions
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Study 1
EFA provided evidence for a four-factor structure of boththe individual and the collective coping with negativesocial identity
Study 2
CFA replicated these results in Study 2, indicating that bothmodels, after minor respecifications, provided a good fit tothe data.
Study 3
CISS also exhibited structural invariance, althoughthere were cross-sample differences as far asmeasurement invariance is concerned
General Conclusions
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Individual strategies: Intragroup and Temporal Comparison Individual Mobility
Individualization & Superordinate Categorization Me-Us Differentiation or Subordinate Categorization
Collective strategies : Attributions to Prejudice and Discrimination Social Creativity: New Comparison Group Social Creativity: New Comparison Dimension Differentiation and Competition
General Conclusions
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Individual and collective strategies have an impact onpersonal (SWL) and collective (CSE) well-being
As expected: individual strategies explained 72%, whereas collective strategies
explained just 25% of variance in immigrants SWL collective coping accounted for more variance in CSE (23%) than
individual coping (13%)
However: both individual (72%) and collective (25%) coping helps people to
reconstruct a positive identity in terms of personal rather thancollective wellbeing (13% and 23%).
curiously, collective coping explains a similar amount of variance inboth personal (25%) and collective (23%) wellbeing
General Conclusions
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individual mobility & positive social comparison: the strongest predictorof SWL, but also a positive association with CSE
social competition: the best predictor of CSE, but also associated withSWL.
some strategies are adaptive for both personal and collective well-being, showing strong associations with wellbeing indicators
individual distancing from the ingroup, but also collectivedifferentiation of negative ingroup members, were related to SWL butnegatively to CSE.
functional opposition: what is good for the individual level is negativefor the collective level
attribution of discrimination to prejudice was a nonadaptiveresponse: negatively related to SWL and unrelated to CSE
General Conclusions
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It also demonstrated a structural invariance across five differentgroups of immigrant persons in Spain: Colombians, Bolivians,Romanias, Marrocans, and Sub-Saharan Africans
However, as far as measurement invariance is concerned, Sub-
Saharan Africans differed from the rest of the group constantlyacross aprox. half of the items in each of the models
TO RECAP:
CISS has acceptable psychometric properties, and the
development of this scale is a substantial step towards a betterunderstanding of the migratory and stigmatization processes
BUT: still there is a need for a more thorough examination ofCISS functioning across different minority samples
General Conclusions
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Thank you!