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How do we define biology?
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Biology has different branches• Biochemistry: chemistry of
life• Ecology: how organisms
interact with each other and their environment
• Cell biology: life on the cellular level
• Genetics: how organisms pass traits to their offspring
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Biology has different branches, cont’d
• Evolution: changes in organisms over time
• Microbiology: microscopic organisms
• Botany: plants
• Zoology: animals
• Physiology: functions of living organisms and their parts
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Microscopy
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit1/bio_ch01_0021_ab_cells.html
Light microscope
e-
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Electron microscope
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Life is Diverse
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Properties of Life
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Living Things
• Are organized, and are made of one or more cells (Cellular Organization)
• Maintain stable internal conditions (Homeostasis)
•Are capable of Reproduction
•Exhibit Growth and development
•Respond to their environment(Responsiveness)
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• Pass traits to offspring (Heredity)
• Use energy. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism.
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Examples
• Hummingbirds feed almost constantly to supply energy to their racing wings and hearts.
• Metabolism, homeostasis
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• A butterfly emerges from a cocoon.
• Development
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A bacterium divides into new cells every 15 minutes
• Reproduction
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• An elephant's large ears allow the blood in the ears to be cooled by as much as 10 degrees.
• Homeostasis, responsiveness
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• A pill bug rolls into a ball when touched.
• Responsiveness
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• Earthworms are made of specialized cells, such as digestive cells, muscle cells, skin cells, etc.
• Cellular Organization
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•A female frog lays many eggs at a time
• Reproduction
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A toad burrows into the mud to prevent water loss during extended
periods of dry weather.
Homeostasis, Responsiveness
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An amoeba is composed of a single cell.
Cellular Organization
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A child inherits cystic fibrosis from her parents
• Heredity
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Mitochondria in a cell release energy from sugars
• Metabolism, cellular organization, homeostasis
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A Venus flytrap traps an insect between its leaves.
Responsiveness
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Stimulus or response?• The bell rings at the end of a class period• Your dog runs into the kitchen when you
open a can• A paramecium backs up and moves away
when it encounters an obstacle. • A plant grows toward the window• A baby hears a loud noise• You pull your hand away after touching the
hot oven
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What is a SPECIES?
• A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.
• Example: All dogs are the same species
• Dogs and wolves are not the same species